The Film Elizabeth Essay - 833 Words

The Film Elizabeth â€Å"Based on the story of the rise of young Elizabeth Tudor to Queen of England, Elizabeth depicts the early life of a woman of independent spirit who ascends to the throne in 1558 to a reign of intrigue and betrayal. The conflict of private affairs and personal friendships with her duty as a monarch to achieve national unity; form the basis of a story that is both heart-breaking and inspiring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Alison Owen Charles Barr referred to films which are set in and represent a particular image of Britain, as heritage or period films. When viewing this film, it was clear that certain conventions of the heritage film genre can be applied to Elizabeth. Throughout the film, certain†¦show more content†¦This shows how the director has changed Mary in order to place the audience on the side of Elizabeth by emphasising the ‘good and bad’ characters in the film. Norfolk (Christopher Eccleston) is shown as a clichà © in the sense his bad character is recognised in a variety of ways. For example he has a mistress; his dress code is dark and has a ‘rigid’ look to it. The manner in which he storms around throughout the film emphasises the authority and arrogance of this character. Norfolk in history is known to have betrayed Elizabeth, and in his appearance, expression and the way he carries himself, the audience are able to recognise this. The authenticity and details to costumes are not completely true. The costumes for example have been used to emphasise certain characters personality as previously mentioned with Mary and Norfolk. Another character who follows this is Dudley (Joseph Fiennes). He wears open shirts with long billowing sleeves as his character is meant to be the ‘romantic’ one, and his passionate personality is shown by his flowing clothing. Another generic convention of the heritage film is to do with the sets and locations when making the film and how they are used to create a historical feel. This is true to some extent in the sense that filming did take place in Northumberland and in various castles and towers. However, theShow MoreRelated Elizabeth The Film Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth The Film Theme of the Film: How Elizabeth managed to gain the throne through turmoil, and then maintain it through even greater conflict and opposition. Greatest Surprise of the Film: The attention to detail and the symbolism employed to make the story richer than any other period piece. The script was also very well written, and very well paced making the movie much more enjoyable to watch because it was interesting and did not drag. Historical Characters Prioritized:Read MoreAnalysis Of Kapur s Elizabeth : The Golden Age1262 Words   |  6 PagesShekhar Kapur s Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) centers around Queen Elizabeth I of England and the multiple crises she endured twenty-seven years into her reign. The film provides a wonderful cinematic experience through astounding performances and gorgeous costuming and scenery. Unfortunately, as many Hollywood portrayals of history, its enthralling plot is achieved at the expense of historical correctness. The film takes liberties with its account of history, making alterations to the importantRead MoreThe Film, But A Good Kind Of Cheese1361 Words   |  6 PagesA Cheesy Film, But a Good Kind of Cheese Daughter of Darkness, a euro-horror film was released in 1971 in a time where art was transcending to a new place. This place was one that had very little remnants of classic culture as things tended to look futuristic, fashion tended to be flamboyant and what in previous times would have been considered risquà © or totally inappropriate became something that would not raise too many eye-brows. Daughters of Darkness is constructed with all those traits typicalRead MoreReview Of Hail The Virgin Queen Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesHail The Virgin Queen Elizabeth, a film made in 1998 depicts the early years of the reign of Elizabeth I of England and her struggle of learning exactly what it means to be a woman in control of an entire nation. This film is a historical drama with as many ups, downs, twists, and turns one would expect in a film where the main character is considered one of the most esteemed women in history. Elizabeth, played by actress Cate Blanchett at a time when England was divided in deciding whether or notRead MoreElizabeth Taylor, a True Hollywood Star1209 Words   |  5 Pagesbaby. I’m Mother Courage.† Elizabeth Taylor has been through the worst of it with her numerous marriages and illnesses, but she toughed it out and kept pushing forward. Her â€Å"I can conquer the world† attitude got her through all of the obstacles she faced. Elizabeth stayed in the spotlight from the time she was nine years old until the day she died. Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was a true, old-fashioned Hollywood celeb rity that overcame many hardships in her life. Elizabeth Taylor, or Liz for short,Read More Analysis of film Shakespeare in Love Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of film Shakespeare in Love The film Shakespeare in Love shows that even in the 21st century Elizabethan drama impacts its audience as it did in the 1500s. The film captured England and the important influence of Elizabeth I during the Renaissance period. Even though Queen Elizabeth didnt have a major role in the film, her characteristics were displayed through the main heroine, Lady Viola. Lady Viola and Elizabeth were both courageous, well-educated women of the upperRead MoreThe Success of the Pirates of the Caribbean in Appealing to a Wide Audience646 Words   |  3 Pageswork, music and action fit in together to make a fantastic family film witch draws you to watch it again and again. The hero’s and villains play an interesting part but the best part is played by Johnny Depp as the anti-hero captain Jack Sparrow. His cunning personality makes you grin as even in the face of death he’s laughing and making jokes. For example towards the end of the film when he is about to be hung he is laughing at the crimes he is about toRead MoreAnalysis of Frankenstein From Shelleys Novel to Branaghs Film563 Words   |  3 PagesBranaghs Film Branaghs adaptation of Mary Shellys novel was fairly good with significant changes to Shellys text; however this was done to illuminate what he considers to be the major themes of the novel, eg the dangers of the relentless pursuit of science and Victors relationships. Victors love interest with Elizabeth in the film is much more intense compared to what is described in the novel as communication is mostly through letters, whereas in the film BranaghRead MorePride and Prejudice, directed by Joe Wright1305 Words   |  6 Pages For those that enjoy romantic costume dramas set in England, the 2005 film version of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice starring Kiera Knightley and Mathew MacFadyen is the perfect movie to watch on a rainy day while sitting in a comfy chair, sipping hot tea, with a plate of biscuits nearby. Director Joe Wright’s and screen writer Deborah Moggach’s film â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† brings a romanticized slant to the world of the Bennet’s where the main dilemma facing the family is what to do with fiveRead More Shakespeare In Love Essay example985 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare In Love with Queen Elizabeth Shakespeare In Love dominated the Oscars in 1998 bringing home seven academy awards including best picture. At Consumnes River College, a film professor argued to his class that Saving Private Ryan should have won the award. The whole class, which I attended, obediently agreed. Only after studying Renaissance literature, I realize our mistake. Shakespeare In Love accurately portrays Renaissance England and the birth of English drama, which is the

Essay on The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids...

The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Offred is a Handmaid in what used to be the United States, now the theocratic Republic of Gilead. In order to create Gileads idea of a more perfect society, they have reverted to taking the Book of Genesis at its word. Women no longer have any privileges; they cannot work, have their own bank accounts, or own anything. The also are not allowed to read or even chose who they want to marry. Women are taught that they should be subservient to men and should only be concerned with bearing children. Margaret Atwood writes The Handmaids Tale (1986) as to create a dystopia. A dystopia is an imaginary place where the condition of life is extremely bad, from deprivation, oppression, or†¦show more content†¦The Commanders characters show the reader how even men who do get privileges, such as ownership and the ability to read, are unhappy with the society. Another example is Ofglen. Ofglen is Offreds shopping partner who is a member of Mayday, which is an underground organization dedicated to overthrowing Gilead. Although Ofglen and Offred are shopping partners, they hardly know anything about each other. Ofglen doesnt know if Offred is part of the resistance and asks her during one of their shopping trips. This is the conversation, I thought you were a true believer, [Ofglen] says. I thought you were, I say. You were always so stinking pious. So were you, I reply. You can join us, she says (page 168). This is the conversation where Ofglen tells about her part in the resistance. Ofglen is an important character in Awoods creation of dystopia because she is the one who adds the idea that there are multitudes of people who hate the way the republic is handling things. She is the one who says that there is an underground resistance and that by trying to make a better world, Gilead has actually made things a whole lot worse. Offreds character is required because she gives flashbacks to the time before Gilead, giving the reader an idea of the events leading up to the beginning of the novel. How bad the world before Gilead sounds, the world of Gilead is much worse.Show MoreRelatedThoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in the Handmaid’s Tale Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX ENGL 252-01 28 November 2012 Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale The Annotated Bibliography Dopp, Jamie. Subject-Position as Victim-Position in The Handmaids Tale. Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littà ©rature canadienne [Online], 19.1 (1994): n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 Dopp believes that Dopp believes that the goal of The Handmaid’s Tale is to work against the oppression of women, While he feels that is actually does the oppositeRead MoreThe Fine Line Between Harlot And Handmaiden907 Words   |  4 PagesHandmaiden Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is a warning to the world that by classifying women by their fertility and stripping them of their rights, one can easily create a terrifying dystopia where all fabrics of society suffer the erosive consequences of female subjugation. Women have forever been classified by their fertility and by their class, which has given us such terms as baron, matronly, harlot, fertile, the help, and surrogates. Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale delves furtherRead MoreThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay2490 Words   |  10 PagesIn the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from,† (Atwood 24). The Handmaid’s Tale, written by Margaret Atwood, is a novel set in the near future where societal roles have severely changed. The most notable change is that concerning women. Whereas, in the past, women have been gaining rights and earning more â€Å"freedom to’s†, the women in the society of The Handmaid’s Tale have â€Å"freedom froms†. They have the freedom from being abused and having sexist phrases yelled atRead MoreSummary Of Feminism In The Handmaids Tale724 Words   |  3 Pagesinternally misogynistic. Margaret Atwood tackles internalized misogyny because of hierarchal patriarchy in her dystopia, Gilead. She creates a world where on the surface women are equal while underlying criticizing religious conservative politics. Writer, Fiona Tolan analyzes Atwood’s work more in depth in â€Å"Feminist Utopias and Questions of Liberty: Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale as Critique of â€Å"second wave feminism†. In this academic journal, Tolan argues that The Handmaid’s Tale is criticism toRead MoreExamples Of Utopia In The Handmaids Tale1246 Words   |  5 Pages A Utopian Dystopia the Handmaids Tale Hello, and good morning today’s date is October 18 and my name is Zainab Bahia and this is my Individual Oral Presentation on The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood. When The Handmaid’s Tale was published in 1985, the world’s search for a utopia had failed, resulting in some of the most disastrous social experimentations in the history of humankind, much like Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Dystopia flourished and took on a new importance as technology gave riseRead MoreEssay about Dystopia Society in the Handmaid ´s Tale by Margaret Atwood1000 Words   |  4 PagesIn Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood writes about a dystopia society. Atwood used situations that were happening during the time she began writing her novel, for example, women’s rights, politics, and in religious aspects. Atwood’s novel is relevant to contemporary society. There are similarities between Atwood’s novel and our society today, wh ich lends to the possibility that our modern society might be headed to a less intense version of this dystopia society. In the novel AtwoodRead MoreFeminism Lost in Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale, the human spirit has evolved to such a point that it cannot be subdued by complacency. Atwood shows Gilead as an extremist state with strong religious connotations. We see the outcome of the reversal of women’s rights and a totalitarian government which is based on reproduction. Not only is the government oppressive, but we see the female roles support and enable the oppression of other female characters. â€Å"This is an open ended text,†¦conscious of the possibilitiesRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale Feminism Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesMargaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, is undoubtedly a staple piece when considering feminism in literature. While most works might take a firm stand on one side or the other when considering feminism, The Handmaid’s Tale app roaches the subject differently; instead of establishing an ironclad position either supporting or condemning feminist ideals, Atwood’s novel showcases both ends of a spectrum concerning the advantages and disadvantages of such a movement in a democratic-turned-totalitarianRead More Society in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay2519 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Atwood’s feminism is an integral part of her critical approach, just as her concept of criticism is inseparable from her creative work† Walter Pache (1). A dystopia is a fictional society, usually existing in a future time period, in which the condition of life is extremely difficult due to deprivation, oppression or terror. In most dystopian fiction, a corrupt government creates or sustains the poor quality of life, often conditioning the masses to believe the society is proper and justRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Better never means better for everyone, he says. It always means worse, for some† (Atwood 211). Almost all attempts at a utopia eventually evolve into a dystopia because of the class that ends up being oppressed. In Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, this is exactly the case, and the oppressed caste is the handmaids. The United States has been transformed into The Republic of Gilead. This change was stimulated by the increase in rape and violence against women, as well as the dropping fertility

Emission Control Free Essays

string(40) " of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere\." Emission Control Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION The need to control the emissions from automobiles gave rise to the computerization of the automobile. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are created during the combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe. We will write a custom essay sample on Emission Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are also hydrocarbons emitted as a result of vaporization of gasoline and from the crankcase of the automobile. The clean air act of 1977 set limits as to the amount of each of these pollutants that could be emitted from an automobile. The manufacturers answer was the addition of certain pollution control devices and the creation of a self-adjusting engine. 1981 saw the first of these self-adjusting engines. They were called feedback fuel control systems. An oxygen sensor was installed in the exhaust system and would measure the fuel content of the exhaust stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor, which would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or air mixture device to create the proper air/fuel ratio. As computer systems progressed, they were able to adjust ignition spark timing as well as operate the other emission controls that were installed on the vehicle. The computer is also capable of monitoring and diagnosing itself. If a fault is seen, the computer will alert the vehicle operator by illuminating a malfunction indicator lamp. The computer will at the same time record the fault in it’s memory, so that a technician can at a later date retrieve that fault in the form of a code which will help them determine the proper repair. Some of the more popular emission control devices installed on the automobile are: EGR valve, Catalytic Converter, Air Pump, PCV Valve, Charcol Canitiser etc. Like SI engine CI engines are also major source of emission. Several experiments and technologies are developed and a lot of experiments are going on to reduce emission from CI engine. The main constituents causing diesel emission are smoke, soot, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides etc. Unlike SI engine, emission produced by carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in CI engine is small. Inorder to give better engine performance the emission must be reduce to a great extend. The emission can be reduced by using smoke suppressant additives, using particulate traps, SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) etc. 2. EMISSION CONTROL IN SI ENGINE 2. 1. Methods to reduce emission in SI engine. 2. 1. 1. Catalytic Converter Automotive emissions are controlled in three ways, one is to promote more complete combustion so that there are less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons back into the engine for combustion and the third is to provide an additional area for oxidation or combustion to occur. This additional area is called a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter looks like a muffler. It is located in the exhaust system ahead of the muffler. Inside the converter are pellets or a honeycomb made of platinum or palladium. The platinum or palladiums are used as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance used to speed up a chemical process). As hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in the exhaust are passed over the catalyst, it is chemically oxidized or converted to carbon dioxide and water. As the converter works to clean the exhaust, it develops heat. The dirtier the exhaust, the harder the converter works and the more heat that is developed. In some cases the converter can be seen to glow from excessive heat. If the converter works this hard to clean a dirty exhaust it will destroy itself. Also leaded fuel will put a coating on the platinum or palladium and render the converter ineffective. 2. 1. 2. PCV Valve The purpose of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system, is to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirecting them into the air/fuel intake system to be burned during combustion. These vapors dilute the air/fuel mixture, they have to be carefully controlled and metered so as not to affect the performance of the engine. This is the job of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve. At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is very critical, just a little of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. At high speed when the mixture is less critical and the pressures in the engine are greater, more of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. When the valve or the system is clogged, vapors will back up into the air filter housing or at worst, the excess pressure will push past seals and create engine oil leaks. If the wrong valve is used or the system has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine. 2. 1. 3. EGR Valve The purpose of the exhaust gas recirculation valve (EGR) valve is to meter a small amount of exhaust gas into the intake system; this dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to lower the combustion chamber temperature. Excessive combustion chamber temperature creates oxides of nitrogen, which is a major pollutant. While the EGR valve is the most effective method of controlling oxides of nitrogen, in it’s very design it adversely affects engine performance. The engine was not designed to run on exhaust gas. For this reason the amount of exhaust entering the intake system has to be carefully monitored and controlled. This is accomplished through a series of electrical and vacuum switches and the vehicle computer. Since EGR action reduces performance by diluting the air /fuel mixture, the system does not allow EGR action when the engine is cold or when the engine needs full power. [pic] Fig. 2. 4. EGR Valve 2. 1. 4. Evaporative Controls Gasoline evaporates quite easily. In the past these evaporative emissions were vented into the atmosphere. 0% of all HC emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. In 1970 legislation was passed, prohibiting venting of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere. You read "Emission Control" in category "Essay examples" An evaporative control system was developed to eliminate this source of pollution. The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors adhere to the charcoal, until the engine is started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture. This system requires the use of a sealed gas tank filler cap. This cap is so important to the operation of the system, that a test of the cap is now being integrated into many state emission inspection programs. Pre-1970 cars released fuel vapors into the atmosphere through the use of a vented gas cap. Today with the use of sealed caps, redesigned gas tanks are used. The tank has to have the space for the vapors to collect so that they can then be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor flow into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum. One common problem with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws fuel directly into the intake system. This enriches the fuel mixture and will foul the spark plugs. Most charcoal canisters have a filter that should be replaced periodically. This system should be checked when fuel mileage drops. 2. 1. 5. Air Injection Since no internal combustion engine is 100% efficient, there will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air injection system was created. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Without any one of the three combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust manifold there is sufficient heat to support combustion, if we introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel will ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, but it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions that sound like popping will occur. There are times when under normal conditions, such as deceleration, when the fuel content is excessive. Under these conditions we would want to shut off the air injection system. This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of shutting the air pump off diverts the air away from the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is done after the combustion process is complete, this is one emission control that has no effect on engine performance. The only maintenance that is required is a careful inspection of the air pump drive belt. 2. 2. Modification in SI engine to reduce emission. †¢ Multi-port fuel injection system to completely replace carburetors. †¢ Electronic engine management to accurately regulate fuel supply to cylinders by sensing various engine parameters. 4-valve system to replace 2-valve system, improved combustion chamber design and improved inlet manifold design for axial stratification of charge. †¢ Turbo-charged (TC) and Turbo-charged After Cooled (TCAC) engines. †¢ Turbo-compounded engines; they are found to be upto 18 per cent better than the conventional engines. †¢ After treatment, catalytic co nverter and exhaust gas recycling. Some future directions for engines are: †¢ Lean burn technology, air-fuel ratio as lean as 22:1 is possible with 4-valves, high swirl and squish generated turbulence. †¢ Use of ceramic components (e. g. low density Silicon Nitride, Si3N4) such as piston pins, valves, blades in turbochargers. †¢ Variable Valve Activation (VVA) providing improved charge control of SI engines, reducing fuel consumption by 5 per cent at low/medium speed and  13  Ã‚   per cent at full engine speed. †¢ 3. EMISSION CONTROL IN CI ENGINE 3. 1. Methods to reduce emission in CI engine 3. 1. 1 Particulate filter. Particulate filters are highly effective in the elimination of particulate matter (PM10) or soot from diesel exhaust. It has a variety of filter coatings and designs, depending of the engine application and duty cycle. . 1. 2. Selective catalytic reduction Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx (generally abbreviated with SCR deNOx) is a very pow erful technology to reduce the NOx emission and fuel consumption of truck and passenger car diesel engines. The European truck manufacturers starting in October 2005, when EURO-4 emissions legislation enters into force, will introduce SCR deNOx on a large scale. With SCR deNOx a 32. 5% aqueous urea solution is injected upstream of the catalyst. Urea which converts to NH3 (ammonia) in the hot exhaust gases reacts with NOx to form harmless N2 and H2O. The urea quantity needs to be precisely dosed as a function of the engine NOx output and the catalyst operating conditions. 3. 1. 3. Smoke Suppressant additives There are a number of additives, which are added in order to reduce the smoke from CI engine. HYDRAX ATH (hydrated alumina), HYDRAMAX (magnesium hydroxides and hydroxy-carbonates), CHARMAX LS (low smoke), CHARMAX LS ZST LS ZHS (zinc stannates zinc hydroxystannates), CHARMAX AOM MO (ammonium octamolybdate molybdic oxide), CHARMAX ZB200 ZB400 (zinc, magnesium, and calcium borates) etc. This reduces the amount of smoke produced by various chemical reactions. The smoke produced can also be controlled by deairating, maintenance, catalytic mufflers, fumigation etc. 3. 1. 4. Control of odour It is very difficult to estimate the odour produced by the diesel engine because the lack of standard tests has not allowed much work to be done in this direction. Catalytic odour control system muffler and or catalyst container are under development and it has been found that certain oxidation catalysts if used under favorable conditions reduce odour intensity. But the tests are still going on. 3. 1. 5. Exhaust Gas and After treatment Modeling While the diesel (compression ignition) engine is more efficient than the conventional spark ignition engine from a thermodynamics standpoint, it has the potential for a large negative environmental impact. The lean combustion of these devices provides the perfect environment for the production of NOx; relatively high temperatures and abundant oxygen. In addition, direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber creates rich fuel pockets that can cause the formation of particulate matter (soot). Recently these emissions have come under increased scrutiny from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their radical nature (smog) in the atmosphere and subsequent health hazards has caused the EPA to act to increase the regulation standards for both 2007 and 2010. Unlike the three-way catalysts currently used on spark-ignition based platforms, diesel after treatment systems will not utilize one device for all problematic emissions. Instead, devices are targeted to take care of only one or a few issues at a time. For instance, Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) might take care of the particulate matter while a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) will eliminate the CO and HC and a Lean NOx Trap is used for the NOx emissions. Until now, diesel engine manufacturers have been able to meet the legislation though in-cylinder technology. The proposed EPA legislation has caused the diesel industry to work on finding cost-efficient after treatment technology while still looking in-cylinder for improvements. 3. 2. Modification in CI engine to reduce emission 3. 2. 1. Commercial vehicle emission control Several improvements are needed. These could be achieved through redesigning of engines and application of new technologies:  · Improvement in fuel injection system and use of higher injection pressure. . . Common rail system unit injections instead of multi-cylinder fuel injection pumps.  · Electronically controlled injection system to provide variable injection timing with good dynamic response to engine load, speed, and temperature.  · Improved cylinder head design, inlet port, re-entrant combustion chambers.  · 4-Valve system to improve volumetric efficiency and provide better mixing of fuel and air. Turbo-charged and Turbo-charged aftercooled engines to provide higher specific power, better fuel economy, and less emission pollution.  · After-treatment, particulate traps, and catalytic converters. 3. 2. 2. Passenger Car Diesel Engine In India, Indirect Injection (IDI) diesel engines are commonly used in passenger cars. Due to the pricing policies of fuels, the running c ost of diesel cars is lower than those of petrol cars. Diesel engines are popular for taxis, most of which are retrofitted by diesel engines. Private cars with OE diesel engines are also in demand. Major directions for engine development to control different pollutants are as follows:  · HC emission control requires, – low sac volume nozzles; – Complete combustion of injected fuel; – minimum lube consumption.  · NOx emission control is helped by, – cooling of intake air before entering the engine; – Retarded combustion; and – Moderate air motion.  · Particulate emission control is helped by, – high injection pressure; – fine fuel atomization; – intensive air motion; – high excess air; and – minimum lube consumption. 4. EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI AND CI ENGINE The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. 4. 1. Emission control norms in SI engine. Table. 4. 1: EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI ENGINE Level of Emission | 2/3 Wheelers ## | 4 Wheelers | |Norms | | | | | 2-Stroke | 4-Stroke | 4-Stroke | | |* Intake, exhaust, | |* Intake, exhaust, | | |combustion optimization |* 4-Stroke engine |combustion optimization | |Euro I /India 2000 |* Catalytic converter |technology |*Carburetor optimization | | |* Secondary air injection |* Hot tube |* Fuel njection | |Euro II / |* Catalytic converter |* Seco ndary air |* Catalytic converter | |Bharat Stage II |* CNG / LPG |injection |* Fixed EGR | | |(3 wheelers only) |* CNG / LPG |* Multi-valve | | | |(3 wheelers only) |* CNG/LPG | | | | |* Fuel injection +catalytic | | |* Fuel injection |* Fuel injection |converter | | |* Catalytic converter |* Carburetor+ |* Variable EGR | |EuroIII/ Bharat Stage | |catalytic converter |* Variable valve timing | |III | | |* Multi-valve | | | | |* On-board diagnostics system | | | | |* CNG/LPG | | | | |* Direct cylinder | |Euro IV / |* To be developed |* Lean burn |injection | |Bharat Stage IV | |* Fuel injection+ |* Multi-brick | | | |catalytic converter |catalytic converter | | | | |* On-board diagnostics system | ## Euro norms are not applicable for 2 / 3 wheelers in India 4. 2. Emission control norms in CI engine | | | |Level Of Emission Norms Technology Options | | | · Retarded injection timing | | | · Open/re-entrant bowl, | |Euro I / India 2000 | · Intake, exhaust and combustion optim isation | | | · FIP~700-800 bar, low sac injectors | | | · High swirl | | | · Naturally aspirated | | | · Turbocharging | | | · Injection pressure 800 bar, moderate swirl | | | · High pressure inline / rotary pumps, injection rate control | |Euro II / | · VO nozzles | |Bharat Stage II | · Re-entrant combustion chamber | | | · Lube oil consumption control | | | · Inter-cooling (optional, depends on specific power), | | | · EGR (may be required for high speed car engines) | | | · Conversion to CNG with catalytic converter | | | · Multi valve, | | | · Low swirl – high injection pressure 120 bar | | | · Rotary pumps, pilot injection rate shaping | | | · Electronic fuel injection | |Euro III / | · Critical lube oil consumption control |Bharat Stage III | · Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) | | | · Inter-cooling | | | · Oxycat EGR | | | · CNG/LPG | | | · High specific power output | | | · Particulate trap | | | · NOx trap | | | · On board Diagnostics system | |Euro IV / | · Common rail injection-injection pressure1600 bar | |Bharat Stage IV | · Fuel Cell | | | · CNG/LPG | On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 – 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 4. 3 The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) is be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Table. 4. 3. INDIAN EMISSION STANDARDS | Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) | | Standard | Reference | Date | Region | India 2000 |Euro 1 |2000 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage II |Euro 2 |2001 |NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai | | | |2003-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | | | |2004-05 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage III |Euro 3 |2005-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | | | |2004-10 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage  IV |Euro 4 |2010-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | * National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel veh icles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 4. 4. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage). Table 4. 4 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR DIESEL TRUCK AND BUS ENGINES, G/KWH | |Year | Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ? 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). |Table 4. | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year | The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. 3 |Table 4. 6 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES, G/KWH | |Year | Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ? ,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). |Table 4. 7 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GASOLINE VEHICLES (GVW ? 3,500 KG), G/KM | |Year |Reference |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |- |14. 3-27. |2. 0-2. 9 |- | |1996 |- |8. 68-12. 4 |- |3. 00-4. 36 | |1998* |- |4. 34-6. 20 |- |1. 50-2. 18 | |2000 |Euro 1 |2. 72-6. 90 |- |0. 97-1. 70 | |2005†  |Euro 2 |2. 2-5. 0 |- |0. 5-0. 7 | |* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles | |†  earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 4. | Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables. |Table 4. 8 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 3-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |12-30 |8-12 |- | |1996 |6. 5 |- |5. 40 | |2000 |4. 00 |- |2. 00 | |Table 4. 9 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |12-30 |8-12 |- | |1996 |4. 0 |- |3. 60 | |2000 |2. 00 |- |2. 00 | CONCLUSION Efforts are being made to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and maximize the utilization of environment-friendly energy sources and fuels for meeting energy needs. In India, the demand for oil for the transport sector is estimated to increase over the next decade. This sector is the largest consumer of petroleum products . Government is providing policy support, fiscal incentives and regulatory measures for development of alternative energy vehicles and fuels. Battery operated vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles and bio-fuel powered vehicles have been identified in this context. The development activities of such fuels and vehicles need to be further encouraged particularly in view of their potential to protect the environment. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) use the combination of engine of a conventional vehicle with electric motor powered by traction batteries and/or fuel cell. This combination helps in achieving both the energy and environmental goals. The deployment of a large number of this type of vehicles would help us in terms of environmental benefits, reduction of oil consumption and reduction in emissions. In hybrid electric vehicles propulsion, energy is available from more than one source of energy. The three configurations of HEV are series hybrid system, parallel hybrid system and split hybrid system. Fuel cells produce electricity, employing reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases, electrochemically. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign, compact, modular and reliable for power generation. Different type of Fuel cells currently under development are the Protons Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs),Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) etc. Hydrogen is receiving worldwide attention as a clean fuel and efficient energy storage medium for automobiles. Hydrogen can replace or supplement oil used in road transportation. Bio-fuel is an efficient, environment friendly, 100 per cent natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels9-10. In view of the potential of being produced from several agricultural sources and because of its low emission characteristics, bio-fuels in recent years are receiving a great deal of attention as a substitute to petroleum fuels. Ethanol and bio-diesel are the two bio-fuels which are being looked upon as the potential fuels for surface transportation. REFERENCES 1. www. howstuffworks. com 2. www. dieselnet. in 3. www. auto101. com 4. www. wikipedia. com 5. Mathur Sharma. ; Internal Combustion Engine, Dhanpat rai publications. pp 774- 778 1. SEMINAR TOPIC FROM :: www. edufive. com/seminartopics. html How to cite Emission Control, Essay examples

Resilience in the Book Speak Essay Example For Students

Resilience in the Book Speak Essay Psychologists usually agree that the teenage years are among the most difficult periods in one’s life. Most teens are trying to figure who they are, what they believe, and how they fit into the world around them. Beginning in the late 1970’s, a whole genre of fiction, referred to as coming-of- age literature, emerged and serves, at least for many teens, as believable presentations of young people learning to navigate the difficulties of their lives, often fraught with feelings of rejection, seemingly unresolvable personal turmoil, social problems, school and family issues, etc. Indeed one value of reading is to see and better understand some aspects of ourselves through studying others. The reading of SPEAK, a somewhat controversial book because of its subject matter – rape, is a worthwhile endeavor in any middle school classroom and offers many valuable life lessons to young teens. Resilience is a key life moral for one to learn that is essential to a successful life. It is one of the main lessons that can be extracted from the novel SPEAK. The definition of resilience is the ability to get back on the right path after a traumatic or scary event that occurs in life. Facets of a resilient person include being able to adapt to change and being able to understand other people. Melinda, a high-school freshman struggling to recapture her once happy life after her rape, recounts her traumatic memories saying, â€Å"There is a beast in my gut, I can hear it scraping away at my ribs. Even if I dump the memory, it will stay with me, staining me† (51). As Melinda was still enduring the dreadful, lingering emotions post-rape, she continued to beat up herself with the quote, â€Å" I want to confess everything, to hand over the guilt and . .ctly shown that Melinda’s thoughts gear readers to see many traits of people that suffered traumatic events and are able to return to their former personalities. All of the valuable lessons learned during the reading of SPEAK are encompassed by the main idea of resilience, which is the ability to bounce back from a terrifying event. Melinda showed the importance of participating in â€Å"flow† activities and maintaining healthy relationships with friends and family. Additionally, Melinda displays the horrors of rape to educate people about the terrible effects of rape and the book makes sure to deter people from engaging in crimes such as rape. The lessons that can be learned from SPEAK are priceless in that they can save lives and help everyone reach their utmost potential, making SPEAK a book that should be carried on the shelves of all middle school classrooms.

Littering and pollution Essay Example

Littering and pollution Paper Littering is a problem in our society that is getting out of control. The population is constantly rising at a rate of 159 people per minute. It is easy to see how pollution and littering is rising with population. This relates to everyone because it affects us all in some way or another. I will explain what pollution is and where it comes from. Im going to tell you how pollution is slowly killing our society as well as environment. Will also tell you some possible nationwide and local solutions to this widespread problem. Body: I. Pollution is destructive for our society and its environment. A. What is pollution? I. Pollution is the State Of being polluted, especially the contamination Of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances. B. How is litter and pollution destructive? I. The better question would be Why do we need to fix this problem? 1. We ill answer both of these questions. Ii. Pollution and litter are destructive to our society in many ways. 1 . Litter and pollution can harm the water supply. A. Water quality reports indicate that 45% percent of U . S. Streams, 47% of lakes, and 32% of bays are polluted. 2. Litter can attract unwanted pests to your local area, like opossums, rats, coyotes, and raccoons. A. Unwanted pests cause unwanted damage to your property. C. To find out how we can to fix this problem we need to find the source. I. Pollution and litter comes from many places. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Littering and pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Littering and pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Littering and pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In our society, litter comes from garbage, construction, and business sites. 2. In addition, it comes from 75% of Americans who admitted to littering in the past five years that dont think about the consequences of their actions. I. Do you think about what happens when you throw that little piece of trash out the car window? 1 . Probably not, but just take a second to think about that huge buck that was wandering along that ate some plastic wrapper you threw out and now you wont be able to hang his horns on your wall because he wobbled out into the middle of the woods and died. 2. How about that little puppy that is out in the yard when the little piece of trash blows over a fence and he swallows it down and suffocates. A. Actions have consequences, so think about all of the consequences your actions have. Transition: Now that we have talked about why littering is destructive and the source of this destruction, let us talk of possible ways we can fix the problem. II. There are some possible countrywide solutions. A. Country. Vide solutions would have to be easily transplanted into our society. I. I suggest that restaurants build compost boxes for food scraps. Those who build the boxes can receive tax breaks and give customers that use the compost box some kind of discount. A. This would cut down on food waste and help cut down on garbage related to food waste in restaurants. Ii. New businesses can create litterbugs that fits inside of cars in order to persuade people to stop throwing things out the window while driving down the road. 1. There can be a discount for people who use the litterbug. A. For every ten bags filled and recycled, there can be a certain amount of bags they get back free. B. There are local changes that can be proposed also. . In order to clean up the streets we could make cleaning fun. 1. For example, we could attach basketball hoops to waste cans in public. A. We could call this design Trash-Hoops and use them in the cities with the most awful pollution problems. B. This would force out the competitors in all Americans and make cleaning fun. I. There will be people who miss, but how many friends have you seen shoot a paper ball at the trash and miss, then get angry about their lack of skill, go pick up the paper then shoot it again. Ii. I propose that a new elective be made called Earth Conservation 1. In this class, students would be able to learn about conservation techniques and explore ways to cut down on waste. A. In addition, students would have the chance to practice the newly acquired knowledge and skills in their community. I. This would increase knowledge on the topic of littering and pollution, as well as benefit the community. C. There are changes being made today to help cut down on litter and pollution. I. For example, water bottles with filters help cut down on plastic bottles being thrown around and wasted. Ii. In addition, groups are ginning to form in local areas to help clean up trash and litter. Conclusion: To conclude, have told you what pollution is and how littering and pollution are destructive forces on the world. We have asked, How are they destructive? and we have found main sources of pollution. I have proposed that nationwide and local changes are made in order to help put a stop to littering and pollution. The restaurant compost boxes, litterbugs production, trash-hoops, and the elective Earth Conservation. There is a problem with the amount of pollution on the earth, I have only given some elution.

The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Example

The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Example The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper The attitudes, character and role of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Essay Topic: Literature Harper Lee uses the character of Atticus Finch as a mouthpiece for many of her moral ethics in her novel. He plays many roles within the novel; primarily as a father, then as a highly principled man, a respected citizen of a small town community, and finally as a lawyer trying to do his job as well as he can. As a father, Atticus is meticulous in the way he raises his children. He ensures that all the things that he wishes them to learn, in terms of morality, are always practised by himself and those around his children. For example, he gives Calpurnia the same amount of authority over the children as Atticus himself. This is portrayed when Scout grumbles about the epic and one-sided battles with Calpurnia, which Calpurnia always won, mainly because Atticus always took her side. Through this, we see that he has no feelings of inferiority toward the black community, and he treats them just the same as all other humans. As Scout and Jem have always grown up in her company, they grow up understanding that race and colour do not make any difference to the nature of any human being. He is also very concerned about the messages his children receive from everyone around and also from himself. This is shown when he is very reluctant to show the children his expertise with the shotgun, as he does not want them to think that courage is a man with a gun. He sends his own son to Mrs. Dubose, who is constantly critical of him, as he wants Jem to experience real courage as he has such a great respect for her courageous fight against her morphine addiction. He still goes in to see her, treats her courteously and always sweep[s] off his hat [and] wave[s] gallantly as he goes past. He brings up his children in a very liberal way, allowing them to openly question him about almost anything. He also allows them to form their own opinions, never forcing them to believe the same as him, but carefully coaxing and directing them towards the right thoughts and ideas. His theories on the way children should be raised are very different from others in his time, even to his own sisters, as they are known to have conflicting views. At one point, Scout finds him telling Aunt Alexandra I do the best I can. Atticus treats his children as more mature than other parents with children of the same age might. He is very open with them about the reasons for his fighting Tom Robinsons case, when many other adults would tell their children that they are not old enough to understand. Atticus thinks that it is better to simplify the situations a little and try to let them understand. He explains to Scout if I didnt, I couldnt hold my head up in townI couldnt even tell you or Jem not to do something again. This shows that he is willing to trust Scout although she is still young. He is exceptionally good at handling his children, because he seems to know how they think, and understands them. For example, during his conversation with Uncle Jack Atticus is fully aware that Scout is listening to every word that he is saying, and he seizes the opportunity to let Scout know some things that he would not otherwise be able to convey to her. He lets her know that he wants her to trust him and to come to [him] for [her] answers instead of listening to the town. Atticus also understands the importance of an education for his children, and he ensures that his children are well educated by assuring that they both go to school even when they do not want to. He has always made reading and books accessible to the children as Jem says Scout yonders been readin since she was born and Scout backs this up by saying I never loved to read. One does not love breathing. Both quotations indicate that reading is a very natural thing, and something that they are very accustomed to doing. The importance Scout places on her ability to read is made apparent on her first day at school, when the idea that she may no longer read leaves her feeling distraught. Again, Atticus intervenes, allaying her fears by reaching a compromise If youll concede the necessity to go to school, well go on reading every night just as we have. This is also an example of Atticus treating his children as equals as opposed to inferiors as he is willing to compromise with Scout, he does not dictate what will happen, he allows her to be a part of the decision making process. Atticus Finch is devoted to his children, and is determined to protect them all the way through the novel. The welfare of his children seems to be his only worry in taking on Tom Robinsons case. We realise his worries when he confides in his brother Jack, saying I hope and pray I can get Jem and Scout through this without bitterness He also tries to impress this fact upon Scout by imploring her to remember that were fighting our friends. But remember this, no matter how bitter things get, theyre still our friends and this is still our home. Scout and Jem both hold Atticus in great respect, and his words had so great an impact on Scout that dropped [her] fists and walked away from a fight for the first time as she could not bear to disappoint her father. He is very obviously respected by his children, but not always fully appreciated. Scout and Jem find it very hard to believe that their father can have any skills due to his age as Scout says that Atticus was feeble; he was nearly fifty. This lack of knowledge about his skills is shown in another of Scouts comments to Miss Maudie, Atticus cant do anything. This shows that although the children love and respect him greatly, they still find him lacking in at least one way. This opinion of hers is quickly dispelled by Miss Maudie, who is quick to spring to Atticuss defence trying to show that although Atticus is older than the parents of many of their peers, he is still a versatile man with many talents. As she is so persistent with her defence, it shows that Atticus is not only respected by his children but also by those around him and within his community. Miss Maudie has a great respect for Atticus, as do many people in the town. Atticus is respected all through Maycomb, by people from all the social statuses, for example at the end of the trial, when Atticus leaves, the entire black balcony show their respect for him by getting to their feet as their fathers passing. When the Finches return home they found the kitchen table was loaded with food enough to bury the whole family as tokens of appreciations from the black community. Many others within the community show Atticus a great deal of respect. For example, Judge John Taylor thinks so much of him that he pointed at him and said Youre it. Even within his community, although he is highly respected, he seems to represent a minority. He seems to be known for his controversial views as his [being] chosen to defend that buy was no accident. This comment suggests that Judge Taylor knew that the greatest chance he could give Tom Robinson was to give him a lawyer like Atticus Finch, who would truly believe in his case and try to fight the case so thoroughly that Tom Robinson might have a chance for acquittal. Through the novel, although Atticus portrays many of Harper Lees main ethical points, he does not reveal his real skills at his profession until almost the end of the book. We are given a miniscule glimpse of his lawyer side, when Jem realises he had been done by the oldest lawyers trick on records. But his talent for his job is truly revealed in the court scene where he delivers a compelling case, with an even more compelling speech to conclude. And from these, it is plain to see that this case affects him personally. Also in his closing speech, Atticus unbuttoned his vest, unbuttoned his collar, loosened his tie, and took off his coat; all things that Scout never saw him do, before or since. This shows that he seemed to make an exception for this case, as it is important to him. Through the court case, we see Atticuss skilful cross-examination of each witness. As he asks each question, he already seems to know the answer even before it is said. This allows him to set out his case in a logical and methodical manner, thereby leaving no reasonable doubt in anyones mind about the case. One can tell that Atticus is devoted to his job, as he seems to have an answer to every possible reason for Tom Robinsons conviction. Also, one can see a great deal about Atticuss nature in the way he treats his witnesses. For example, he treats Mayella Ewell with a great deal of respect. He does not try to intimidate any of his witnesses. He knows that he can make his case purely with the power of truth. This is shown in many ways, for example, he is normally sitting down when he questions his witness. This implies that he does not feel the need to overpower his witnesses and pressure them in any way. Atticus does not seem to think that any of the witnesses are inferior to the others; he gives them all the same amount of respect and courtesy. Whereas Mr Gilmer refers to Bob and Mayella as Mister and Miss Ewell, but he refers to Tom as boy showing that he feels that Tom is inferior to him. Atticus treats all of his witnesses as equal, he does not give Tom Robinson more respect just because he is fighting the case for him. Although Atticus plays a very important role in the development of the plot in To Kill a Mockingbird, he also embodies many of Harper Lees philosophies and moral views about life. Throughout the novel, Atticus remains steadfast in holding on to the things he believes to be correct while still respecting other peoples views. For example, he is always extremely courteous to Mrs. Dubose although she is constantly criticising him for his beliefs and actions. Atticus also tries to teach Scout the simple yet profound lesson that you never really understand a person until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Through the novel, he himself seems to adhere to this philosophy, and because he lives through his philosophies, he never becomes too judgemental or moralistic. All through the novel, Atticus maintains that although every other person may not believe in his cause, he must still persevere in working towards it. He feel that Simply because [they were] licked a hundred years before [they] started is no reason for [them] not to try to win. He feels that as he fights Tom Robinsons case, he is moving his community towards justice. This tiny movement is explained to Jem and Scout by Miss Maudie who said, Were making a step- its just a baby step, but its a step. Atticus is very self-assured and he never doubts himself, and is confident enough to tread his own path even if it is directly contradictory to those who he admires or respects. Also, although his opinions may conflict with other peoples, Atticus can still see the better side in them, and respect them for their qualities, while allowing them their own viewpoint without trying to make them change their minds. Throughout the novel, one important facet of Atticuss character is revealed to us, another of his philosophies through which he lives his life. He is a man who always sticks to what he believes, no matter what the company, situation or consequences. He has a very strong conscience, which does not allow him to be two faced in any way. He says that he could not live one way in town and another way in my home. Through this, he shows that although his work and personal life is separate, he himself will not change, as he cannot be two faced. One of the important ideas of the novel is first proposed by the title, then expanded, and clarified by Atticus is the idea that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. Atticus only mentions this in the passing, but it contains a very important message, which Atticus wishes to convey to his children. He uses it as both a metaphor and as a literal statement as it is brought up when the children are learning to shoot. He tries to open their eyes to all those such as Tom Robinson and Boo Radley, who dont eat up peoples gardensdont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee reminds us that one of the main themes of this book is prejudice, in any of its forms. Atticus himself comes across as a man with little or no preconceptions and prejudices of his own. His views on the prejudice so prominent in his society were very contrary to most peoples at the time of the novels publication (only two years after the Civil Rights Act was passed, and the year the Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated). Through the development of the novel, we are never told anything about Atticuss religious belief, except that he is a churchgoer. This is very interesting, as religion seems to be quite a controversial topic in Maycomb, with its many different churches. This shows that Atticus, although a religious man, is not blinkered or drawn into prejudice because of it. Although Atticus Finch is a good human being, he too, like all the others has his weaknesses; he cannot comprehend just how evil human beings can be. This is shown when he shrugs of Bob Ewells threat that, hed get him if it took him the rest of his life. He refused to believe that Bob Ewell could pose him or his family danger and this ultimately turns out to be the cause of Jems broken arm. Through the novel, I feel that Atticus Finch provides the solid base upon which Harper Lee builds her story and her develops her ideas. She expresses some intense emotions through him, both in what he says and does. He is a teacher, in many senses, he teaches his children about life, and how to live, his community about their own prejudices and injustices, and most importantly, he teaches us about our world by allowing us an insight into a microcosm in which the injustices are highly emphasised in his fight to eradicate them.

Taj Mahal - An Artist's view Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taj Mahal - An Artist's view - Research Paper Example The Taj Mahal is considered a symbol of love, an architectural marvel, and as a symbol of the Mughal Empire. It has found expression in the poetry and art of numerous poets and artists. The Noble laureate Rabindranath Tagore has described it â€Å"like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time†. The Taj Mahal is India’s foremost tourist’s destination. The Taj Mahal was constructed in a span of 16 years (1632-1648 AD), employing about 20,000 workers, in an area of 17 hectares. After the construction of Taj Mahal was over other buildings and structures of the complex such as the mosque, the mosque’s replica, main gate and the garden were developed. When the Taj Mahal was built it had a flowing river Yamuna passing through its foot. But, now, the Taj stands near the Yamuna which is polluted and has shrunk to some extent. The Taj building now shows some signs of ageing, but it still stands out as a magnificent building with its original beauty and grandeur. Looking at Taj Mahal from a long distance across the Yamuna River, the Taj appears as a distinct structure in a crowded city. The first view of Taj from outside gives the impression of a white structure that is delicate, superfine, not of this world, an exquisite beauty, and eternal. There is a feeling, if this large structure that it is, really true and existing! All other structures available in the Taj complex are supportive, are in line with the bilateral symmetry and style, so the entire complex merges into oneness. The Taj complex is spread in the vast area of sprawling Mughal Garden of nearly 17 hectares, surrounded by high security wall built around it with four entrances. The main gate is situated in the southern side of the complex. With the southern main gate as a reference point, the Taj is located in the north of the garden, and further to the north is the river Yamuna. The placement of Taj Mahal in the north of the garden, instead of the center, gives

Ethics in Auditing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethics in Auditing - Research Paper Example An auditor is a business professional with the responsibility to assess various features of an organization, individual actions or project implementation to ascertain that resources are used efficiently, which includes finances, labour, inputs and any other factor of production that may affect business efficiency as well as the authenticity of the financial accounts of the business. The auditor is expected to provide an audit report with recommendations concerning the amendment of inaccurate entries and situations that may negatively affect the organization. Auditors are expected to adhere to professional ethics and in a manner that promotes the organization’s well-being. This paper focuses on ethical standards in auditing and why those standards are important. It also highlights ethical auditing violations and how they can be avoided. Ethical Standards in Auditing McWilliams & Nahavandi (2006) highlight the code of ethics in auditing whereby ethical standards and expectations need to be adhered to with regards to the conduct of individuals and organizations in an audit process. Auditors need to be morally responsible for their actions in the process of auditing and need to understand their impact on the future of the organization. An audit report may lead to improvement of business competitiveness, but on the other hand it may also result in dire consequences such as termination of contracts, employment, fines and lawsuits. Professional ethics is therefore an important component in auditing. Public confidence is achieved through adherence to good code of ethics, which reflects effectiveness and efficiency. Ethical standards give an organization and the public the reassurance needed with regards to risk control and effectiveness (Beauchamp & Bowie, 2010). Auditors are expected to maintain integrity in their actions, which is an important indicator of trustworthiness and hence the reliability of their findings and final conclusion. According to McWilliams & Nahavandi (2006), auditors need to observe the values of independence, impartiality in their judgement, high moral standards with regards to professional demeanour as well as unconditional honesty in their activities. Conflict of interest is a vice that needs to be avoided in auditing since it may lead to biased results. Fear or favour may also influence the outcome of auditing since the auditor may avoid certain aspects that may help unveil important loopholes through which organizational efficiency is likely to be lost. Auditors need to exercise unmatched standards of even-handedness, honesty and ethical behaviour. They need to accomplish their work with uprightness, meticulousness and accountability while observing the law (Jamal, 2004). They are obligated to make disclosures stipulated by the law and in line with professional obligations. They should avoid situations that may unintentionally lead them to be party to any unlawful activity or get involved in actions that are di sreputable to the auditing profession or to a business. Howieson (2003) notes that auditors need to demonstrate respect for the work of fellow auditors whether in the same or different organization and also recognize their distinct capabilities are areas of competency. Respect for other players in the audit profession promotes good work relations and possibility of future collaborations. Objectivity is the frame of mind

BEFORE THE LAW - TRANSLATED BY WILLA AND EDWIN MUIR Term Paper

BEFORE THE LAW - TRANSLATED BY WILLA AND EDWIN MUIR - Term Paper Example The gatekeeper never helps the man from the country in a way ultimately beneficial to the man. Even though he knows, the gatekeeper never tells the man from the country that the gate was made just for the man and allows the man to grow old and infirm before revealing the gatekeeper will shut the door on him. The gatekeeper tells the man from the country that it is possible the man may gain entry one day, but it is never revealed how this might occur. It is never stated that the fleas actually speak to the gatekeeper on the man’s behalf. The more powerful gatekeepers inside do not interact with anyone. Therefore, the common theme that runs throughout this story is the lack of mutually beneficial cooperation among the characters regardless of the scenario. I remember a class in psychology I took at the University of Illinois. A student teacher chose a woman and I to participate in an experiment. The woman and I could not converse among ourselves before or during the experiment. I went first. I was to bid either 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. The woman was to follow my bid with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. We did this 5 times and our responses were marked down side by side. If either her bid or my bid was higher than the other person’s bid, the higher bidder got that amount in dollars. Thus, for example, if I bid 5 and she bid 2, I got $3.00. After I bid first 5 times we repeated the experiment with her going first 5 times. The actual result was that as first bidder, I bid 5 each time for 5 times and she bid 5 each time as well. So I got nothing. When she bid first, she bid 5 and I followed with a bid of 5 each time. It was the same result and she got nothing. Finished, we wondered what this was all about. The student teacher pointed out that if the woman and I had silently cooperated with each other we could have both prospered. Whenever I bid 5, if she bid 0 each of the 5 times I would have gotten $25.

Parliament of Pakistan

Parliament of Pakistan Parliament of Pakistan The Parliament of Pakistan, formally termed the Majlis-e-Shoora is the elected and incomparable authoritative group of Pakistan. It is a bicameral elected council that comprises of the Senate and the National Assembly, the upper and more level houses, individually. As stated by the constitution, the President of Pakistan is likewise a part of the Parliament. The National Assembly is chosen for a five-year term on the premise of grown-up establishment and small time one-vote. The residency of a Member of the National Assembly is for the length of time of the house, or sooner, on the off chance that the Member kicks the bucket or leaves. The residency of the National Assembly likewise arrives at an end if broke up on the counsel of the Prime Minister or by the president in his watchfulness under the Constitution. The Parliament meets at the Parliament House assembling in Islamabad, where debating chambers for both houses are available. National Assembly The National Assembly of Pakistan is the easier house of the parliament. The National Assembly has 342 seats, 272 of which are straightforwardly chosen, 60 are saved for ladies and a further 10 for religious minorities. The National Assembly of Pakistan is the nations sovereign authoritative body. It exemplifies the will of the individuals to let themselves be legislated under the fair, multi-party Federal Parliamentary System. The National Assembly makes laws for the Federation in admiration of the forces listed in the Federal Legislative rundown. Through its civil arguments, suspension movement, question hour and Standing Committees, the National Assembly keeps as check over the Executive and guarantees that the administration capacities inside the parameters set out in the Constitution and does not abuse the crucial privileges of nationals. Just the National Assembly, through its Public Accounts Committee, examines open using and activities control of use caused by the administrat ion. The Members of the National Assembly are to be chosen by immediate and free vote as per law. Article 50 of the Constitution gives that the Parliament of Pakistan might comprise of president and the two houses known as the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by enacting solely on cash matters. With special case to cash bills, be that as it may, both the houses cooperate to complete the essential work of the Parliament, i.e. law making. The bill identifying with the Federal Legislative List could be started in either house. On the off chance that the house passed the bill through greater part vote, it might be transmitted to the next house. On the off chance that the other house passes it without alteration, it might be displayed to the president for consent. On the off chance that the bill, transmitted to the next house, is not passed inside ninety days or rejected, it might be acknowledged in a joint sitting to be summoned by the president on the solicitation of the house in which the bill was begun. On the off chance that the bill is passed in the joint sitting, with or without corrections, by the votes of greater part of the parts of the two houses, it should be introduced to the president for consent. In the event that the bill is exhibited to the president for consent, he might consent to the bill in not later than ten days. On the off chance that it is not a cash charge, the president may give back where its due to the Majlis-e-Shoora with a message asking for that the bill be rethought and that an alteration specified in the message be acknowledged. The Majlis-e-Shoora might rethink the bill in a joint sitting. In the event that the bill is passed once more, with or without correction, by vote of most of the parts present and voting, it might be displayed to the president and the president should give his consent inside ten days; falling flat which such consent might be regarded to have been given. Under the Constitution, the Parliament might likewise administer for two or more Provinces by assent and solicitation made by those Provinces. In the event that the Federal Government broadcasts State of Emergency in any region, the ability to enact about that territory is vested in the Parliament. Anyway the bills passed by the Parliament throughout the State of Emergency, should stop to be in energy after the termination of six months from the date Emergency is lifted. In any case, the steps officially taken under these Acts might remain substantial. In activities of its sacred part, the Parliament likewise has other extremely paramount obligations to perform. The president, who is at the summit, is chosen by parts of both houses of the Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies. The Prime Minister, who heads the Cabinet and is intended to support and prompt the president in his capacities, fits in with the National Assembly. He delights in the trust of most of the parts of the National Assembly. Parts of the Cabinet are named by the president on the exhortation of the PM. In the structuring of the Cabinet the significant allotment (75%), goes to National Assembly while the rest (25%) are taken from the Senate. There is a majority rule strategy to evacuate the Prime Minister from his office in the event that he loses certainty of most of the parts of the National Assembly. In this appreciation a determination for a vote of no-trust is moved by at least 20% of the aggregate participation of the National Assembly. In the event that the determination is passed by dominant part of the aggregate participation of the National Assembly, the Prime Minister instantly surrendered forces. Essentially, for the evacuation or prosecution of the president, at the very least one-50% of the aggregate participation of either house may give in thinking of its proposition to do in this way, to the Speaker National Assembly, or, as the case may be, to the Chairman Senate, for moving a determination for the reason. In a joint sitting of the two houses, assembled for the rea son, and after the considerations, if the determination is passed by the votes of at least two thirds of the aggregate enrollment of the Parliament, the president should stop to hold office promptly on passing of this resolution. In case emergency is proclaimed, the Parliament holds the authority to extend the term of the National Assembly. Under the Constitution, the Parliament may also, on the request of the Federal Government, by law, confer functions upon officers or authorities subordinate to the Federal Government. Senate The fundamental reason for the making of the Senate of Pakistan was to give meet representation to all the uniting units since the participation of the National Assembly was dependent upon the number of inhabitants in every region. Square with common participation in the Senate, therefore, adjusts the commonplace imbalance in the National Assembly and scatters questions and worry, if any, in regards to hardship and misuse. The part of the Senate is to push national union and concordance and to mitigate reasons for alarm of the more diminutive areas in regards to command by any one region in light of its lions share, in the National Assembly. The Senate, is a body which speaks to the regions/domains of the nation and pushes an inclination of equity, peace and agreement, which is so fundamental for the development and thriving of a country. Therefore, the Senate in Pakistan, through the years, has developed as a vital organ and a stabilizing component of the organization. The Senate co mprises of 100 parts, of whom 14 parts are chosen by every Provincial Assembly, 8 parts are chosen from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fatas) by the Members of National Assembly from these territories, 2 parts, 1 lady and 1technocrat is chosen from the Federal Capital by the Members of National Assembly, 4 ladies and 4 Technocrats are chosen by the parts of every Provincial Assembly. The separation of seats apportioned to every Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fatas), Federal Capital, Women and Ulema/Technocrats. It is the obligation of the Chief Election Commissioner to hold and make plans for the Senate decisions as per the arrangement of relative representation by method for a solitary transferable vote through constituent schools. The term of the parts of the Senate is 6 years. In any case, the term of the first gathering of the Senators, who should resign after consummation of initial 3 years of the Senate, is dictated by drawing of parts by the Chief Electi on Commissioner. Presidential framework A presidential framework is a republican arrangement of government where a head of government is additionally head of state and leads an official limb that is divided from the administrative extension. The official is chosen and frequently titled president and is not capable to the lawmaking body and cant, in typical circumstances, dismissit. The assembly may have the right, in compelling cases, to release the official, regularly through prosecution. Nonetheless, such rejections are seen as so extraordinary (just two United States presidents were indicted, and none, of these case prompted evacuation) as not to repudiate a focal precept of presidentialism, that in ordinary circumstances utilizing typical methods the council cant reject the official. The title president has continued from a period when such individual by and by managed the legislature body, as with the US President of the Continental Congress, before the official capacity was part into a separate limb of government and could no more direct the authoritative body. Presidential frameworks are various and differing, however the accompanying are by and large correct: The official can veto administrative acts and, thusly, a supermajority of administrators may override the veto. The veto is by and large determined from the British convention of illustrious consent in which a demonstration of parliament must be authorized with the consent of the ruler. The president has an altered term of office. Decisions are held at general times and cant be activated by avote of trust or other parliamentary systems. In spite of the fact that in a few nations there is an exemption, which accommodates the evacuation of a president who is found to have transgressed against a law. The official extension is unipersonal. Parts of the bureau serve at the joy of the president and must do the strategies of the official and authoritative extensions. Bureau priests or official departmental heads are not parts of the governing body. Then again, presidential frameworks regularly require administrative regard of official assignments to the bureau, legal, and different more level legislative posts. A president by and large can administer parts of the bureau, military, or any officer or worker of the official limb, however cant regulate or reject judges. The president can regularly exonerate or drive sentences of indicted crooks. Nations that characteristic a presidential arrangement of government are not the selective clients of the title of President. For instance, a tyrant, who might have been prominently or genuinely chosen may be and regularly is known as a president. Similarly, pioneers of one-gathering states are regularly called presidents. Most parliamentary republics have presidents, yet this position is to a great extent stately; eminent cases includegermany, India, Ireland, Israel and Italy. The title is likewise utilized within parliamentary republics with an official presidency, and additionally in semi-presidential framework Parliamentary vs Presidential system Saturday, February 02, 2013 It is first time in the historical backdrop of Pakistan that the Parliament will finish its residency. Since races are a couple of weeks away, political gatherings are dependent upon their regular traps and contrivances. The PML-N had moved a determination in the Punjab gathering for creation of two new territories in Punjab Bahawalpur and South Punjab. The PPP has turned out with thought of Bahawalpur-South Punjab territory, which will incorporate Mianwali and Dera Ghazi Khan. Indeed, both significant gatherings are attempting to charm individuals of South Punjab who had been disregarded and ignored throughout the most recent six decades. In any case, by making new areas and making all territories sort of equivalent in size of the populace, presidential framework could be perfect. Pioneers fromsouthern Punjab feel that with new territories they will have the opportunity to revel in the advantages and benefits of gubernatorial work places, and will have the capacity to arrange with the real political gatherings to get their offer of cake. In any case, more diminutive gatherings will be in a position to deal with or coercion the significant gatherings, as is evident by the weight strategies of the MQM, JUI-F, PML-Q and PML-F. It was in this background that there were voices in the past for a presidential type of government. In any case the defenders of parliamentary framework cited Quaid-i-Azam to demonstrate their point that he positively had confidence in elected parliamentary framework. They additionally alluded to the comments made in Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report that framing of One-unit, standard of equality, unitary type of government and arrangement of fundamental popular governments were the purposes behind estranging the individuals of more modest regions that prompted deterioration of Pakistan. Truly both frameworks parliamentary and presidential-are equitable frameworks that are very fruitful in European nations and the US separately. Both frameworks have great focuses; however in a nation like Pakistan where combining units have diverse ethnicities, dialects and societies, the more diminutive unifying units think about the presidential framework as an exertion to endeavor and overwhelm them. The individuals of more diminutive territories however feel that under parliamentary framework there is chance for the provincial gatherings to make it to the top space in the region. In 1990s, Mr. Manzoor Wattoo with just 17 parts out of 240 parts was electeds the Chief Minister of Punjab. However there are a few bad marks of parliamentary framework. Unending political changes, the wheeling and managing of chose parts of the parliament for individual increase, livens and benefits of force, making dominant part party prisoner to a minority gathering are to name the few. In this framework, parts of the gathering chose by the individuals thusly choose the Leader of the House, implying that it is an aberrant decision of the head administrator. Actually when a gathering increases a clearmajority, the administration is helpless to parts and rebellions, requiring re-arrangements or re-races. Indeed in the settled in majority rules system, the way Margaret Thatcher was changed mid method for her residency by the decision gathering is a for example. In Pakistan, no less than seven executives took pledge and none of them finished the residency. Likewise from 1988 to 1999, the PPP and Muslim League were twice come back to power, however none could finish the residency because of their prejudice towards to one another, and were sent pressing under 58-2(b). It ought to be clear to any understudy of history or political science that political frameworks were developed in venture with evolving conditions; hence, it was vital that its political setup was interested in change. It is a certain certainty that from the tribal and feudal ages, with their own particular curious political frameworks of authority, tribal Jirga, and autocracies, the world has advanced to the present popularity based request dependent upon the arrangement of small time one-vote, and the chose legislatures of settled residencies. At the end of the day, the phase of advancement, apparatuses and modes of processing decided the manifestation of government. On the off chance that the pioneers with the vested investment or decision classes attempted to stem the change, there was monetary turbulence, social change and insurgency. In seventeenth-century England, the exchanging group manufactured solidarity in its positions to wage a battle against unquestionably the forces of the ruler and impact of the church. The nation was primed for change for another request, which conceived the Industrial Revolution. The Westminster model of parliamentary majority rule government may well be said to be the first of the present day frameworks that advanced, as the new classes connected with the business economy developed. This British model was best case scenario a trade off model after teeter-totter fights had been battled between the royalists of the British privileged and the delegates of the rising new classes. It was a framework that at long last gave individuals the right to choose the Lower House parts and government, while holding the King as head of state, and the House of Lords as the upper House where the nations genetic feudal delegates sat on the premise of their titles. The framework is effective in England, as the nation is created, and the framework coddles the needs at home and abroad. It must be specified that vote based system was side effect of the industrialist framework visualized after the Industrial Revolution. There are, without a doubt, a few benefits of presidential type of government, for example, The framework permits the president to select his group that in his perspective is the best suited and most equipped for the occupation. In any case, in a creating nation like Pakistan, generally unremarkable persons are chosen on the premise of their clout as a jagirdar or tribal pioneer. Also, once chose by an acceptable greater part, the authenticity of the president both good and protected is not in debate; and unless arraigned he finishes the residency. Heroes of this framework accept that it serves as a rampart against interminable political changes, permits stable working of government and a serene change of political force. In Pakistan, unless remainders of feudalism, jagirdari framework and tribalism are carried out away with, there is no trust that either of the two frameworks could work. However who will chime the feline?

Odysseus in The Hero and the Goddess and Calypso and Circe :: Goddess Calypso

Odysseus in The Hero and the Goddess and Calypso and Circe    Reflections on the experience of Odysseus as related to Jean Houston's The Hero and the Goddess: The Odyssey as Mystery and Initiation and Alicia LeVan's Calypso and Circe  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the lush, luxuriant island of Ogygia, Odysseus spends seven years of his ten year journey home with the beautiful seductive nymph Calypso, who virtually possesses him and compels him to live a sensual but vegetative existence.   For ten years, surrounded by men, he lived out the male heroic ideal of warrior, then spent several years further testing himself against otherworldly obstacles. In the process, he lost all of his companions, and has nothing left but the little that remains of himself. Here on Calypso's isle, he lives in paradise:    "Thick, luxuriant woods grew round the cave, alders, and black poplars, pungent cypress too, and there, birds roosted, folding their long wings, owls and hawks and the spread beaked ravens of the sea, black skimmers who make their living off the waves. And round the mouth of the cavern trailed a vine laden with clusters, bursting with ripe grapes. Four springs in a row, bubling clear and cold, running side-by-side, took channels left and right. Soft meadows spreading round were starred with violets, lush with beds of parsley. Why, even a deathless god who came upon that place would gaze in wonder, heart entranced with pleasure. Homer, The Odyssey, V:71-82, Fagles translation       Odysseus is now embraced by Mother Earth, in all her verdant fertility, and also living deep within caverns that are only reminiscent of the womb. For seven years, Calypso protects him from Poseidon's wrath. As the devoted and devouring mother, AND the seductive and engulfing mistress/lover, she is both what men most desire, and most fear.    Alicia LeVan wrote: Perhaps the 'necessity' he has for unity with the feminine, coupled with his yearning for home, (an embodiment of the feminine principle representing relationship, community, cooperation, and non-aggression) represents a need for integration of the feminine principle within his psyche after years of functioning in war, with the constant testosterone of destroying, killing, raping and surviving in the most   inhumane, strife torn, blood drenched, barren plains of Troy. After ten years of functioning as a killer and destroyer,he must heal his numbness and desensitivity by connecting with his feelings.

Pushing Too Hard

Problems in Youth Athletic Problems in Youth Athletics One of the greatest feelings a parent can experience is watching a child excel in an activity. Rightfully so, many parents encourage children to perform well in sports. The problems start when the encouragement begins to go too far. Many parents and coaches toady exceed the boundaries of encouragement, and enter a realm of abuse. A lot of this behavior will start when a parent of coach believes that they are mentoring the next superstar athlete. When parents and coaches start to look at children as major prospects the problems in youth athletics begin to become major issues. In the 1950’s youth athletic programs began to grow quickly all over the United States. Today millions of children participate in organized youth sports programs. These programs were set out to help develop the skills of the youth not only in sports but in life as well. Also, an important focus of the youth leagues was for the children to have fun. In the past few years, the focus of the youth leagues has been changed by the parents and coaches due to the focus on performance and winning. Children are being introduced to competitive play at an earlier age than ever before. Some of the youth leagues have children competing as early as age four. Today many children are expected to play one sport all year long through various leagues. A commitment of this level is not good for young children. There are many problems that come along with pushing children too hard in competitive sports. â€Å"Burnout† is one of the biggest problems a young athlete can experience during youth sports. Burnout is also known as overtraining syndrome. According to the Childrens Memorial Hospital, â€Å"burnout, or overtraining is a condition in which an athlete experiences fatigue and declining performance in his/her sport despite continuing or increased training. †(2002). There are many factors that can lead to burnout in a young athlete today. Burnout can be caused by pressure to perform at a high level, from parents and coaches. Parents pushing children through excessive training will also contribute to burnout. Excessive training can be seen as parents pushing children to play only one sport, and play that sport all year long. Burnout does not just mean that a young athlete does not want to play sports any longer, but also has other repercussions. Childrens Memorial Hospital states that symptoms of burnout can also include muscle and joint pain, fatigue, and weight loss among other symptoms. (2009). For many young athletes burnout will cause them to quit sports all together. This is becoming a major issue with children in their early teens. Cary stated that some eighteen million children stopped participating in team sports in 2002. (2004). This is a very disappointing number considering how many of those children loved the sports they played at one time. Burnout causes many talented players to quit playing just because they do not enjoy sports any longer. As parents and coaches continue to become more aggressive toward youth sports, injuries to the participatants are on the rise. The old saying, practice makes perfect may be true but, overuse can also cause injury to young athletes. As more children are pushed into participating in just one sport, and often on a year round schedule, doctors are seeing more overuse injuries. The National Alliance for Youth Sports stated that Dr. James Andrews, and orthopedic surgeon, is seeing four times as many overuse injuries than he did in the last five years. (2010). A good example of overuse is in youth baseball travel teams. A talented pitcher is asked to pitch in thirty or more games in a season. They would also have the young child practicing year round. The pitchers at the professional level are not asked to pitch that much in a season to prevent injury. The children are not protected from overuse but the professionals are. When a parent or coach asks a young athlete to perform at a level that even the professionals are protected from, it is just a matter of time before a child will sustain an injury. When youth sport began the programs were brought about with great intentions. Children were supported by positive role models and learned teamwork, but most of all had fun learning to play a game with their friends. It has been shown that parents and coaches are taking the fun out of youth athletics. Many of the parents want to believe that children will have more fun if they are the best at the sport they play. Overtraining a child has shown that children stop having fun and no longer care to play sports. The schedule and intense training that many children are being pushed into are causing many children to give up on sports. Most children want to start participating in youth sports because â€Å"They want to have a good time, make friends, and learn something new. † (Stenson 2004). â€Å"Avery Faigenbaum, an associate professor of exercise science at the University of Massachusetts in Boston asks kids who have quit why they are no longer interested in sports their typical response: â€Å"It is not fun anymore. †. (Stenson 2004) This helps prove that pushing kids too hard in sports will only take the fun out of the game. When the children do not want to play any longer then all of the time invested in over training children will not benefit anyone. When parents and coaches take the fun out of sports the children will not learn teamwork, and will have lower self-esteem. Childr en should be able to enjoy sports and gain all of the benefits from playing games they love. Actions must be taken to resolve the problems in youth sports. The children are the ones getting hurt in the process of parents and coaches pushing too hard in youth athletics. As children begin to quit playing sports they become more susceptible to bad influences and poor decision making. Without playing sports, children will become less physically active. Children that are not physically active will have a greater risk of becoming obese. Kids that are obese at a young age have more health risks as they get older. When the children that have dropped out of youth athletics get older the poor decision making can really take effect. Without the positive influence that a team sport can have on children, they will be more likely to try using drugs. Children using drugs will only lead to more problems and other illegal activity. Parents are a large problem in youth athletics. Many parents have turned watching their children play into something more serious that it really is. According to Parade, there was a case where a woman assaulted an eleven year old boy who was rooting for the team her son was playing against. (2005). There have been many time that parents and coaches have made children continue to pitch in a little league baseball game even though the child was complaining that their arm was hurting. One of the worst cases of parents going too far over youth athletics came at a hockey practice. Two parents were involved in a fight and one of the men was beaten to death during the altercation. Children should never be witness to these kinds of actions, especially during participation of a sporting event. Coaches can be just as big of a problem as parents in youth athletics. Many youth coaches want to win no matter what it takes. Coaches have been seen screaming at children when they make a mistake. They have been seen pushing and even hitting kids during a practice or game. Coaches are the ones who set out overly demanding practice schedules. It seems as though many coaches have forgotten what it really means to be a coach. The focus of youth athletics today needs to shift to fixing the problems in Youth athletics. Parents and coaches have to stop trying to live their dreams through the children they mentor. There are a few people who understand that changes must be made in youth athletics. Some organizations have begun to start up with the vision of teaching parents and coaches how to be positive role models in children’s sports. The National Alliance for Youth Sports has certified over two million youth coaches. (Cary 2004). The Positive Coaching Alliance is a training program that teaches parents and coaches to be positive. The famous National Basketball Association coach, Phil Jackson found the ideas of the PCA to also be effective at the professional level. (Cary 2004). These programs are just a good beginning to changing the way youth athletics are ran across the United States. One of the best programs to improve youth athletics started in the state of Maine. The program is called Sports Done Right. According to Parade, it is a program led by Duke Albanese and Robert Cobb. The SDR program marks parents and coaches as the two biggest problems in youth sports. The program requires that parents of children in youth athletics go to training sessions on behavior at sporting events. The parents also have to sign a compact to abide by a higher standard of sportsmanship. (2005). If improvements are to be made in any youth sports program has to be a main focus. The Sports Done Right Program is on coaching as well. Sports Done Right recommends compensation based on their level of training. †(Parade 2005). Coaches that are trained in the correct ways to motivate and teach children see improvements in their abilities. As parents and coaches receive proper training in dealing with youth athletics, the children participating will have more fun playing sports. As with many things in life, youth sports have drifted away from the original intentions . Youth sports organizations began as a way for children to stay busy and stay out of trouble. Sports gave children role models to look up to. Children will always benefit from the physical activities required by participating in organized sports. It is a shame that children are overworked too early and too often in sports so parents and coaches can try to relive their childhood dreams. The parents should let the children work on their dreams at their own pace. Youth athletics can have a major impact on a child’s life. It is the responsibility of the parents and coaches to ensure that the children they mentor are having a positive experience when participating in youth sports. The parents should focus on youth athletics is a fun experience with an opportunity to learn new skills and life lessons. Everyone knows that winning is fun, but winning should not be the number on goal in sports. It is time to take back youth sports for the children, and just let them play. References Cary, Peter. (2004). U. S. Fixing kid’s sports: rescuing children’s games from crazed coaches. News and World Report. Retrieved From http://www. alcdsb. on. ca/~regiath/cats/articles/FixingKidsSports. df National Alliance for Youth Sports. (2010). Overdoing it. Retrieved From http://www. nays. org/fullstory. cfm? articleid=10303 Parade. (2005). Who’s killing kids’ sports? Retrieved From http://www. parade. com/articles/editions/2005/edition_08-07-2005/featured_0 Stenson, Jacqueline. (2004). Pushing too hard too young. Retrieved From http://portal. northbayyouthsoccerclub. com/Clubs/portals/InnisfilSoccerclub/Medi a/Image/Articles/tt_pushing. pdf If you need to type anything after the reference list then start it on this page