The Film Elizabeth Essay - 833 Words

The Film Elizabeth â€Å"Based on the story of the rise of young Elizabeth Tudor to Queen of England, Elizabeth depicts the early life of a woman of independent spirit who ascends to the throne in 1558 to a reign of intrigue and betrayal. The conflict of private affairs and personal friendships with her duty as a monarch to achieve national unity; form the basis of a story that is both heart-breaking and inspiring†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Alison Owen Charles Barr referred to films which are set in and represent a particular image of Britain, as heritage or period films. When viewing this film, it was clear that certain conventions of the heritage film genre can be applied to Elizabeth. Throughout the film, certain†¦show more content†¦This shows how the director has changed Mary in order to place the audience on the side of Elizabeth by emphasising the ‘good and bad’ characters in the film. Norfolk (Christopher Eccleston) is shown as a clichà © in the sense his bad character is recognised in a variety of ways. For example he has a mistress; his dress code is dark and has a ‘rigid’ look to it. The manner in which he storms around throughout the film emphasises the authority and arrogance of this character. Norfolk in history is known to have betrayed Elizabeth, and in his appearance, expression and the way he carries himself, the audience are able to recognise this. The authenticity and details to costumes are not completely true. The costumes for example have been used to emphasise certain characters personality as previously mentioned with Mary and Norfolk. Another character who follows this is Dudley (Joseph Fiennes). He wears open shirts with long billowing sleeves as his character is meant to be the ‘romantic’ one, and his passionate personality is shown by his flowing clothing. Another generic convention of the heritage film is to do with the sets and locations when making the film and how they are used to create a historical feel. This is true to some extent in the sense that filming did take place in Northumberland and in various castles and towers. However, theShow MoreRelated Elizabeth The Film Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth The Film Theme of the Film: How Elizabeth managed to gain the throne through turmoil, and then maintain it through even greater conflict and opposition. Greatest Surprise of the Film: The attention to detail and the symbolism employed to make the story richer than any other period piece. The script was also very well written, and very well paced making the movie much more enjoyable to watch because it was interesting and did not drag. Historical Characters Prioritized:Read MoreAnalysis Of Kapur s Elizabeth : The Golden Age1262 Words   |  6 PagesShekhar Kapur s Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) centers around Queen Elizabeth I of England and the multiple crises she endured twenty-seven years into her reign. The film provides a wonderful cinematic experience through astounding performances and gorgeous costuming and scenery. Unfortunately, as many Hollywood portrayals of history, its enthralling plot is achieved at the expense of historical correctness. The film takes liberties with its account of history, making alterations to the importantRead MoreThe Film, But A Good Kind Of Cheese1361 Words   |  6 PagesA Cheesy Film, But a Good Kind of Cheese Daughter of Darkness, a euro-horror film was released in 1971 in a time where art was transcending to a new place. This place was one that had very little remnants of classic culture as things tended to look futuristic, fashion tended to be flamboyant and what in previous times would have been considered risquà © or totally inappropriate became something that would not raise too many eye-brows. Daughters of Darkness is constructed with all those traits typicalRead MoreReview Of Hail The Virgin Queen Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesHail The Virgin Queen Elizabeth, a film made in 1998 depicts the early years of the reign of Elizabeth I of England and her struggle of learning exactly what it means to be a woman in control of an entire nation. This film is a historical drama with as many ups, downs, twists, and turns one would expect in a film where the main character is considered one of the most esteemed women in history. Elizabeth, played by actress Cate Blanchett at a time when England was divided in deciding whether or notRead MoreElizabeth Taylor, a True Hollywood Star1209 Words   |  5 Pagesbaby. I’m Mother Courage.† Elizabeth Taylor has been through the worst of it with her numerous marriages and illnesses, but she toughed it out and kept pushing forward. Her â€Å"I can conquer the world† attitude got her through all of the obstacles she faced. Elizabeth stayed in the spotlight from the time she was nine years old until the day she died. Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor was a true, old-fashioned Hollywood celeb rity that overcame many hardships in her life. Elizabeth Taylor, or Liz for short,Read More Analysis of film Shakespeare in Love Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of film Shakespeare in Love The film Shakespeare in Love shows that even in the 21st century Elizabethan drama impacts its audience as it did in the 1500s. The film captured England and the important influence of Elizabeth I during the Renaissance period. Even though Queen Elizabeth didnt have a major role in the film, her characteristics were displayed through the main heroine, Lady Viola. Lady Viola and Elizabeth were both courageous, well-educated women of the upperRead MoreThe Success of the Pirates of the Caribbean in Appealing to a Wide Audience646 Words   |  3 Pageswork, music and action fit in together to make a fantastic family film witch draws you to watch it again and again. The hero’s and villains play an interesting part but the best part is played by Johnny Depp as the anti-hero captain Jack Sparrow. His cunning personality makes you grin as even in the face of death he’s laughing and making jokes. For example towards the end of the film when he is about to be hung he is laughing at the crimes he is about toRead MoreAnalysis of Frankenstein From Shelleys Novel to Branaghs Film563 Words   |  3 PagesBranaghs Film Branaghs adaptation of Mary Shellys novel was fairly good with significant changes to Shellys text; however this was done to illuminate what he considers to be the major themes of the novel, eg the dangers of the relentless pursuit of science and Victors relationships. Victors love interest with Elizabeth in the film is much more intense compared to what is described in the novel as communication is mostly through letters, whereas in the film BranaghRead MorePride and Prejudice, directed by Joe Wright1305 Words   |  6 Pages For those that enjoy romantic costume dramas set in England, the 2005 film version of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice starring Kiera Knightley and Mathew MacFadyen is the perfect movie to watch on a rainy day while sitting in a comfy chair, sipping hot tea, with a plate of biscuits nearby. Director Joe Wright’s and screen writer Deborah Moggach’s film â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† brings a romanticized slant to the world of the Bennet’s where the main dilemma facing the family is what to do with fiveRead More Shakespeare In Love Essay example985 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare In Love with Queen Elizabeth Shakespeare In Love dominated the Oscars in 1998 bringing home seven academy awards including best picture. At Consumnes River College, a film professor argued to his class that Saving Private Ryan should have won the award. The whole class, which I attended, obediently agreed. Only after studying Renaissance literature, I realize our mistake. Shakespeare In Love accurately portrays Renaissance England and the birth of English drama, which is the

Essay on The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids...

The Dystopia in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Offred is a Handmaid in what used to be the United States, now the theocratic Republic of Gilead. In order to create Gileads idea of a more perfect society, they have reverted to taking the Book of Genesis at its word. Women no longer have any privileges; they cannot work, have their own bank accounts, or own anything. The also are not allowed to read or even chose who they want to marry. Women are taught that they should be subservient to men and should only be concerned with bearing children. Margaret Atwood writes The Handmaids Tale (1986) as to create a dystopia. A dystopia is an imaginary place where the condition of life is extremely bad, from deprivation, oppression, or†¦show more content†¦The Commanders characters show the reader how even men who do get privileges, such as ownership and the ability to read, are unhappy with the society. Another example is Ofglen. Ofglen is Offreds shopping partner who is a member of Mayday, which is an underground organization dedicated to overthrowing Gilead. Although Ofglen and Offred are shopping partners, they hardly know anything about each other. Ofglen doesnt know if Offred is part of the resistance and asks her during one of their shopping trips. This is the conversation, I thought you were a true believer, [Ofglen] says. I thought you were, I say. You were always so stinking pious. So were you, I reply. You can join us, she says (page 168). This is the conversation where Ofglen tells about her part in the resistance. Ofglen is an important character in Awoods creation of dystopia because she is the one who adds the idea that there are multitudes of people who hate the way the republic is handling things. She is the one who says that there is an underground resistance and that by trying to make a better world, Gilead has actually made things a whole lot worse. Offreds character is required because she gives flashbacks to the time before Gilead, giving the reader an idea of the events leading up to the beginning of the novel. How bad the world before Gilead sounds, the world of Gilead is much worse.Show MoreRelatedThoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in the Handmaid’s Tale Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX ENGL 252-01 28 November 2012 Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale The Annotated Bibliography Dopp, Jamie. Subject-Position as Victim-Position in The Handmaids Tale. Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littà ©rature canadienne [Online], 19.1 (1994): n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 Dopp believes that Dopp believes that the goal of The Handmaid’s Tale is to work against the oppression of women, While he feels that is actually does the oppositeRead MoreThe Fine Line Between Harlot And Handmaiden907 Words   |  4 PagesHandmaiden Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is a warning to the world that by classifying women by their fertility and stripping them of their rights, one can easily create a terrifying dystopia where all fabrics of society suffer the erosive consequences of female subjugation. Women have forever been classified by their fertility and by their class, which has given us such terms as baron, matronly, harlot, fertile, the help, and surrogates. Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale delves furtherRead MoreThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay2490 Words   |  10 PagesIn the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from,† (Atwood 24). The Handmaid’s Tale, written by Margaret Atwood, is a novel set in the near future where societal roles have severely changed. The most notable change is that concerning women. Whereas, in the past, women have been gaining rights and earning more â€Å"freedom to’s†, the women in the society of The Handmaid’s Tale have â€Å"freedom froms†. They have the freedom from being abused and having sexist phrases yelled atRead MoreSummary Of Feminism In The Handmaids Tale724 Words   |  3 Pagesinternally misogynistic. Margaret Atwood tackles internalized misogyny because of hierarchal patriarchy in her dystopia, Gilead. She creates a world where on the surface women are equal while underlying criticizing religious conservative politics. Writer, Fiona Tolan analyzes Atwood’s work more in depth in â€Å"Feminist Utopias and Questions of Liberty: Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale as Critique of â€Å"second wave feminism†. In this academic journal, Tolan argues that The Handmaid’s Tale is criticism toRead MoreExamples Of Utopia In The Handmaids Tale1246 Words   |  5 Pages A Utopian Dystopia the Handmaids Tale Hello, and good morning today’s date is October 18 and my name is Zainab Bahia and this is my Individual Oral Presentation on The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood. When The Handmaid’s Tale was published in 1985, the world’s search for a utopia had failed, resulting in some of the most disastrous social experimentations in the history of humankind, much like Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Dystopia flourished and took on a new importance as technology gave riseRead MoreEssay about Dystopia Society in the Handmaid ´s Tale by Margaret Atwood1000 Words   |  4 PagesIn Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood writes about a dystopia society. Atwood used situations that were happening during the time she began writing her novel, for example, women’s rights, politics, and in religious aspects. Atwood’s novel is relevant to contemporary society. There are similarities between Atwood’s novel and our society today, wh ich lends to the possibility that our modern society might be headed to a less intense version of this dystopia society. In the novel AtwoodRead MoreFeminism Lost in Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale, the human spirit has evolved to such a point that it cannot be subdued by complacency. Atwood shows Gilead as an extremist state with strong religious connotations. We see the outcome of the reversal of women’s rights and a totalitarian government which is based on reproduction. Not only is the government oppressive, but we see the female roles support and enable the oppression of other female characters. â€Å"This is an open ended text,†¦conscious of the possibilitiesRead MoreThe Handmaids Tale Feminism Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesMargaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, is undoubtedly a staple piece when considering feminism in literature. While most works might take a firm stand on one side or the other when considering feminism, The Handmaid’s Tale app roaches the subject differently; instead of establishing an ironclad position either supporting or condemning feminist ideals, Atwood’s novel showcases both ends of a spectrum concerning the advantages and disadvantages of such a movement in a democratic-turned-totalitarianRead More Society in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay2519 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Atwood’s feminism is an integral part of her critical approach, just as her concept of criticism is inseparable from her creative work† Walter Pache (1). A dystopia is a fictional society, usually existing in a future time period, in which the condition of life is extremely difficult due to deprivation, oppression or terror. In most dystopian fiction, a corrupt government creates or sustains the poor quality of life, often conditioning the masses to believe the society is proper and justRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Better never means better for everyone, he says. It always means worse, for some† (Atwood 211). Almost all attempts at a utopia eventually evolve into a dystopia because of the class that ends up being oppressed. In Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, this is exactly the case, and the oppressed caste is the handmaids. The United States has been transformed into The Republic of Gilead. This change was stimulated by the increase in rape and violence against women, as well as the dropping fertility

Emission Control Free Essays

string(40) " of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere\." Emission Control Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION The need to control the emissions from automobiles gave rise to the computerization of the automobile. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are created during the combustion process and are emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe. We will write a custom essay sample on Emission Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are also hydrocarbons emitted as a result of vaporization of gasoline and from the crankcase of the automobile. The clean air act of 1977 set limits as to the amount of each of these pollutants that could be emitted from an automobile. The manufacturers answer was the addition of certain pollution control devices and the creation of a self-adjusting engine. 1981 saw the first of these self-adjusting engines. They were called feedback fuel control systems. An oxygen sensor was installed in the exhaust system and would measure the fuel content of the exhaust stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor, which would analyze the reading and operate a fuel mixture or air mixture device to create the proper air/fuel ratio. As computer systems progressed, they were able to adjust ignition spark timing as well as operate the other emission controls that were installed on the vehicle. The computer is also capable of monitoring and diagnosing itself. If a fault is seen, the computer will alert the vehicle operator by illuminating a malfunction indicator lamp. The computer will at the same time record the fault in it’s memory, so that a technician can at a later date retrieve that fault in the form of a code which will help them determine the proper repair. Some of the more popular emission control devices installed on the automobile are: EGR valve, Catalytic Converter, Air Pump, PCV Valve, Charcol Canitiser etc. Like SI engine CI engines are also major source of emission. Several experiments and technologies are developed and a lot of experiments are going on to reduce emission from CI engine. The main constituents causing diesel emission are smoke, soot, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides etc. Unlike SI engine, emission produced by carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in CI engine is small. Inorder to give better engine performance the emission must be reduce to a great extend. The emission can be reduced by using smoke suppressant additives, using particulate traps, SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) etc. 2. EMISSION CONTROL IN SI ENGINE 2. 1. Methods to reduce emission in SI engine. 2. 1. 1. Catalytic Converter Automotive emissions are controlled in three ways, one is to promote more complete combustion so that there are less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons back into the engine for combustion and the third is to provide an additional area for oxidation or combustion to occur. This additional area is called a catalytic converter. The catalytic converter looks like a muffler. It is located in the exhaust system ahead of the muffler. Inside the converter are pellets or a honeycomb made of platinum or palladium. The platinum or palladiums are used as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance used to speed up a chemical process). As hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in the exhaust are passed over the catalyst, it is chemically oxidized or converted to carbon dioxide and water. As the converter works to clean the exhaust, it develops heat. The dirtier the exhaust, the harder the converter works and the more heat that is developed. In some cases the converter can be seen to glow from excessive heat. If the converter works this hard to clean a dirty exhaust it will destroy itself. Also leaded fuel will put a coating on the platinum or palladium and render the converter ineffective. 2. 1. 2. PCV Valve The purpose of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system, is to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirecting them into the air/fuel intake system to be burned during combustion. These vapors dilute the air/fuel mixture, they have to be carefully controlled and metered so as not to affect the performance of the engine. This is the job of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve. At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is very critical, just a little of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. At high speed when the mixture is less critical and the pressures in the engine are greater, more of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. When the valve or the system is clogged, vapors will back up into the air filter housing or at worst, the excess pressure will push past seals and create engine oil leaks. If the wrong valve is used or the system has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine. 2. 1. 3. EGR Valve The purpose of the exhaust gas recirculation valve (EGR) valve is to meter a small amount of exhaust gas into the intake system; this dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to lower the combustion chamber temperature. Excessive combustion chamber temperature creates oxides of nitrogen, which is a major pollutant. While the EGR valve is the most effective method of controlling oxides of nitrogen, in it’s very design it adversely affects engine performance. The engine was not designed to run on exhaust gas. For this reason the amount of exhaust entering the intake system has to be carefully monitored and controlled. This is accomplished through a series of electrical and vacuum switches and the vehicle computer. Since EGR action reduces performance by diluting the air /fuel mixture, the system does not allow EGR action when the engine is cold or when the engine needs full power. [pic] Fig. 2. 4. EGR Valve 2. 1. 4. Evaporative Controls Gasoline evaporates quite easily. In the past these evaporative emissions were vented into the atmosphere. 0% of all HC emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. In 1970 legislation was passed, prohibiting venting of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere. You read "Emission Control" in category "Essay examples" An evaporative control system was developed to eliminate this source of pollution. The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors adhere to the charcoal, until the engine is started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture. This system requires the use of a sealed gas tank filler cap. This cap is so important to the operation of the system, that a test of the cap is now being integrated into many state emission inspection programs. Pre-1970 cars released fuel vapors into the atmosphere through the use of a vented gas cap. Today with the use of sealed caps, redesigned gas tanks are used. The tank has to have the space for the vapors to collect so that they can then be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor flow into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum. One common problem with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws fuel directly into the intake system. This enriches the fuel mixture and will foul the spark plugs. Most charcoal canisters have a filter that should be replaced periodically. This system should be checked when fuel mileage drops. 2. 1. 5. Air Injection Since no internal combustion engine is 100% efficient, there will always be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air injection system was created. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen and heat. Without any one of the three combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust manifold there is sufficient heat to support combustion, if we introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel will ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, but it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions that sound like popping will occur. There are times when under normal conditions, such as deceleration, when the fuel content is excessive. Under these conditions we would want to shut off the air injection system. This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of shutting the air pump off diverts the air away from the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is done after the combustion process is complete, this is one emission control that has no effect on engine performance. The only maintenance that is required is a careful inspection of the air pump drive belt. 2. 2. Modification in SI engine to reduce emission. †¢ Multi-port fuel injection system to completely replace carburetors. †¢ Electronic engine management to accurately regulate fuel supply to cylinders by sensing various engine parameters. 4-valve system to replace 2-valve system, improved combustion chamber design and improved inlet manifold design for axial stratification of charge. †¢ Turbo-charged (TC) and Turbo-charged After Cooled (TCAC) engines. †¢ Turbo-compounded engines; they are found to be upto 18 per cent better than the conventional engines. †¢ After treatment, catalytic co nverter and exhaust gas recycling. Some future directions for engines are: †¢ Lean burn technology, air-fuel ratio as lean as 22:1 is possible with 4-valves, high swirl and squish generated turbulence. †¢ Use of ceramic components (e. g. low density Silicon Nitride, Si3N4) such as piston pins, valves, blades in turbochargers. †¢ Variable Valve Activation (VVA) providing improved charge control of SI engines, reducing fuel consumption by 5 per cent at low/medium speed and  13  Ã‚   per cent at full engine speed. †¢ 3. EMISSION CONTROL IN CI ENGINE 3. 1. Methods to reduce emission in CI engine 3. 1. 1 Particulate filter. Particulate filters are highly effective in the elimination of particulate matter (PM10) or soot from diesel exhaust. It has a variety of filter coatings and designs, depending of the engine application and duty cycle. . 1. 2. Selective catalytic reduction Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx (generally abbreviated with SCR deNOx) is a very pow erful technology to reduce the NOx emission and fuel consumption of truck and passenger car diesel engines. The European truck manufacturers starting in October 2005, when EURO-4 emissions legislation enters into force, will introduce SCR deNOx on a large scale. With SCR deNOx a 32. 5% aqueous urea solution is injected upstream of the catalyst. Urea which converts to NH3 (ammonia) in the hot exhaust gases reacts with NOx to form harmless N2 and H2O. The urea quantity needs to be precisely dosed as a function of the engine NOx output and the catalyst operating conditions. 3. 1. 3. Smoke Suppressant additives There are a number of additives, which are added in order to reduce the smoke from CI engine. HYDRAX ATH (hydrated alumina), HYDRAMAX (magnesium hydroxides and hydroxy-carbonates), CHARMAX LS (low smoke), CHARMAX LS ZST LS ZHS (zinc stannates zinc hydroxystannates), CHARMAX AOM MO (ammonium octamolybdate molybdic oxide), CHARMAX ZB200 ZB400 (zinc, magnesium, and calcium borates) etc. This reduces the amount of smoke produced by various chemical reactions. The smoke produced can also be controlled by deairating, maintenance, catalytic mufflers, fumigation etc. 3. 1. 4. Control of odour It is very difficult to estimate the odour produced by the diesel engine because the lack of standard tests has not allowed much work to be done in this direction. Catalytic odour control system muffler and or catalyst container are under development and it has been found that certain oxidation catalysts if used under favorable conditions reduce odour intensity. But the tests are still going on. 3. 1. 5. Exhaust Gas and After treatment Modeling While the diesel (compression ignition) engine is more efficient than the conventional spark ignition engine from a thermodynamics standpoint, it has the potential for a large negative environmental impact. The lean combustion of these devices provides the perfect environment for the production of NOx; relatively high temperatures and abundant oxygen. In addition, direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber creates rich fuel pockets that can cause the formation of particulate matter (soot). Recently these emissions have come under increased scrutiny from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their radical nature (smog) in the atmosphere and subsequent health hazards has caused the EPA to act to increase the regulation standards for both 2007 and 2010. Unlike the three-way catalysts currently used on spark-ignition based platforms, diesel after treatment systems will not utilize one device for all problematic emissions. Instead, devices are targeted to take care of only one or a few issues at a time. For instance, Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) might take care of the particulate matter while a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) will eliminate the CO and HC and a Lean NOx Trap is used for the NOx emissions. Until now, diesel engine manufacturers have been able to meet the legislation though in-cylinder technology. The proposed EPA legislation has caused the diesel industry to work on finding cost-efficient after treatment technology while still looking in-cylinder for improvements. 3. 2. Modification in CI engine to reduce emission 3. 2. 1. Commercial vehicle emission control Several improvements are needed. These could be achieved through redesigning of engines and application of new technologies:  · Improvement in fuel injection system and use of higher injection pressure. . . Common rail system unit injections instead of multi-cylinder fuel injection pumps.  · Electronically controlled injection system to provide variable injection timing with good dynamic response to engine load, speed, and temperature.  · Improved cylinder head design, inlet port, re-entrant combustion chambers.  · 4-Valve system to improve volumetric efficiency and provide better mixing of fuel and air. Turbo-charged and Turbo-charged aftercooled engines to provide higher specific power, better fuel economy, and less emission pollution.  · After-treatment, particulate traps, and catalytic converters. 3. 2. 2. Passenger Car Diesel Engine In India, Indirect Injection (IDI) diesel engines are commonly used in passenger cars. Due to the pricing policies of fuels, the running c ost of diesel cars is lower than those of petrol cars. Diesel engines are popular for taxis, most of which are retrofitted by diesel engines. Private cars with OE diesel engines are also in demand. Major directions for engine development to control different pollutants are as follows:  · HC emission control requires, – low sac volume nozzles; – Complete combustion of injected fuel; – minimum lube consumption.  · NOx emission control is helped by, – cooling of intake air before entering the engine; – Retarded combustion; and – Moderate air motion.  · Particulate emission control is helped by, – high injection pressure; – fine fuel atomization; – intensive air motion; – high excess air; and – minimum lube consumption. 4. EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI AND CI ENGINE The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990’s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. 4. 1. Emission control norms in SI engine. Table. 4. 1: EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI ENGINE Level of Emission | 2/3 Wheelers ## | 4 Wheelers | |Norms | | | | | 2-Stroke | 4-Stroke | 4-Stroke | | |* Intake, exhaust, | |* Intake, exhaust, | | |combustion optimization |* 4-Stroke engine |combustion optimization | |Euro I /India 2000 |* Catalytic converter |technology |*Carburetor optimization | | |* Secondary air injection |* Hot tube |* Fuel njection | |Euro II / |* Catalytic converter |* Seco ndary air |* Catalytic converter | |Bharat Stage II |* CNG / LPG |injection |* Fixed EGR | | |(3 wheelers only) |* CNG / LPG |* Multi-valve | | | |(3 wheelers only) |* CNG/LPG | | | | |* Fuel injection +catalytic | | |* Fuel injection |* Fuel injection |converter | | |* Catalytic converter |* Carburetor+ |* Variable EGR | |EuroIII/ Bharat Stage | |catalytic converter |* Variable valve timing | |III | | |* Multi-valve | | | | |* On-board diagnostics system | | | | |* CNG/LPG | | | | |* Direct cylinder | |Euro IV / |* To be developed |* Lean burn |injection | |Bharat Stage IV | |* Fuel injection+ |* Multi-brick | | | |catalytic converter |catalytic converter | | | | |* On-board diagnostics system | ## Euro norms are not applicable for 2 / 3 wheelers in India 4. 2. Emission control norms in CI engine | | | |Level Of Emission Norms Technology Options | | | · Retarded injection timing | | | · Open/re-entrant bowl, | |Euro I / India 2000 | · Intake, exhaust and combustion optim isation | | | · FIP~700-800 bar, low sac injectors | | | · High swirl | | | · Naturally aspirated | | | · Turbocharging | | | · Injection pressure 800 bar, moderate swirl | | | · High pressure inline / rotary pumps, injection rate control | |Euro II / | · VO nozzles | |Bharat Stage II | · Re-entrant combustion chamber | | | · Lube oil consumption control | | | · Inter-cooling (optional, depends on specific power), | | | · EGR (may be required for high speed car engines) | | | · Conversion to CNG with catalytic converter | | | · Multi valve, | | | · Low swirl – high injection pressure 120 bar | | | · Rotary pumps, pilot injection rate shaping | | | · Electronic fuel injection | |Euro III / | · Critical lube oil consumption control |Bharat Stage III | · Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) | | | · Inter-cooling | | | · Oxycat EGR | | | · CNG/LPG | | | · High specific power output | | | · Particulate trap | | | · NOx trap | | | · On board Diagnostics system | |Euro IV / | · Common rail injection-injection pressure1600 bar | |Bharat Stage IV | · Fuel Cell | | | · CNG/LPG | On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 – 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 4. 3 The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) is be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Table. 4. 3. INDIAN EMISSION STANDARDS | Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) | | Standard | Reference | Date | Region | India 2000 |Euro 1 |2000 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage II |Euro 2 |2001 |NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai | | | |2003-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | | | |2004-05 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage III |Euro 3 |2005-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | | | |2004-10 |Nationwide | |Bharat Stage  IV |Euro 4 |2010-04 |NCR*, 10 Cities†  | * National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel veh icles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 4. 4. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage). Table 4. 4 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR DIESEL TRUCK AND BUS ENGINES, G/KWH | |Year | Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ? 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). |Table 4. | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year | The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. 3 |Table 4. 6 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES, G/KWH | |Year | Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ? ,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). |Table 4. 7 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GASOLINE VEHICLES (GVW ? 3,500 KG), G/KM | |Year |Reference |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |- |14. 3-27. |2. 0-2. 9 |- | |1996 |- |8. 68-12. 4 |- |3. 00-4. 36 | |1998* |- |4. 34-6. 20 |- |1. 50-2. 18 | |2000 |Euro 1 |2. 72-6. 90 |- |0. 97-1. 70 | |2005†  |Euro 2 |2. 2-5. 0 |- |0. 5-0. 7 | |* for catalytic converter fitted vehicles | |†  earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 4. | Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables. |Table 4. 8 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 3-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |12-30 |8-12 |- | |1996 |6. 5 |- |5. 40 | |2000 |4. 00 |- |2. 00 | |Table 4. 9 | |EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM | |Year |CO |HC |HC+NOx | |1991 |12-30 |8-12 |- | |1996 |4. 0 |- |3. 60 | |2000 |2. 00 |- |2. 00 | CONCLUSION Efforts are being made to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and maximize the utilization of environment-friendly energy sources and fuels for meeting energy needs. In India, the demand for oil for the transport sector is estimated to increase over the next decade. This sector is the largest consumer of petroleum products . Government is providing policy support, fiscal incentives and regulatory measures for development of alternative energy vehicles and fuels. Battery operated vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles and bio-fuel powered vehicles have been identified in this context. The development activities of such fuels and vehicles need to be further encouraged particularly in view of their potential to protect the environment. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) use the combination of engine of a conventional vehicle with electric motor powered by traction batteries and/or fuel cell. This combination helps in achieving both the energy and environmental goals. The deployment of a large number of this type of vehicles would help us in terms of environmental benefits, reduction of oil consumption and reduction in emissions. In hybrid electric vehicles propulsion, energy is available from more than one source of energy. The three configurations of HEV are series hybrid system, parallel hybrid system and split hybrid system. Fuel cells produce electricity, employing reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases, electrochemically. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign, compact, modular and reliable for power generation. Different type of Fuel cells currently under development are the Protons Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs),Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) etc. Hydrogen is receiving worldwide attention as a clean fuel and efficient energy storage medium for automobiles. Hydrogen can replace or supplement oil used in road transportation. Bio-fuel is an efficient, environment friendly, 100 per cent natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels9-10. In view of the potential of being produced from several agricultural sources and because of its low emission characteristics, bio-fuels in recent years are receiving a great deal of attention as a substitute to petroleum fuels. Ethanol and bio-diesel are the two bio-fuels which are being looked upon as the potential fuels for surface transportation. REFERENCES 1. www. howstuffworks. com 2. www. dieselnet. in 3. www. auto101. com 4. www. wikipedia. com 5. Mathur Sharma. ; Internal Combustion Engine, Dhanpat rai publications. pp 774- 778 1. SEMINAR TOPIC FROM :: www. edufive. com/seminartopics. html How to cite Emission Control, Essay examples

Resilience in the Book Speak Essay Example For Students

Resilience in the Book Speak Essay Psychologists usually agree that the teenage years are among the most difficult periods in one’s life. Most teens are trying to figure who they are, what they believe, and how they fit into the world around them. Beginning in the late 1970’s, a whole genre of fiction, referred to as coming-of- age literature, emerged and serves, at least for many teens, as believable presentations of young people learning to navigate the difficulties of their lives, often fraught with feelings of rejection, seemingly unresolvable personal turmoil, social problems, school and family issues, etc. Indeed one value of reading is to see and better understand some aspects of ourselves through studying others. The reading of SPEAK, a somewhat controversial book because of its subject matter – rape, is a worthwhile endeavor in any middle school classroom and offers many valuable life lessons to young teens. Resilience is a key life moral for one to learn that is essential to a successful life. It is one of the main lessons that can be extracted from the novel SPEAK. The definition of resilience is the ability to get back on the right path after a traumatic or scary event that occurs in life. Facets of a resilient person include being able to adapt to change and being able to understand other people. Melinda, a high-school freshman struggling to recapture her once happy life after her rape, recounts her traumatic memories saying, â€Å"There is a beast in my gut, I can hear it scraping away at my ribs. Even if I dump the memory, it will stay with me, staining me† (51). As Melinda was still enduring the dreadful, lingering emotions post-rape, she continued to beat up herself with the quote, â€Å" I want to confess everything, to hand over the guilt and . .ctly shown that Melinda’s thoughts gear readers to see many traits of people that suffered traumatic events and are able to return to their former personalities. All of the valuable lessons learned during the reading of SPEAK are encompassed by the main idea of resilience, which is the ability to bounce back from a terrifying event. Melinda showed the importance of participating in â€Å"flow† activities and maintaining healthy relationships with friends and family. Additionally, Melinda displays the horrors of rape to educate people about the terrible effects of rape and the book makes sure to deter people from engaging in crimes such as rape. The lessons that can be learned from SPEAK are priceless in that they can save lives and help everyone reach their utmost potential, making SPEAK a book that should be carried on the shelves of all middle school classrooms.